Lecture 1-s

Skeletal and Organ Systems Overview

  • Overview of the skeletal, digestive, muscle, respiratory, reproductive, nervous, and circulatory systems.

Course Instructor and Structure

Instructor Details

  • Name: Dr. Sadia Munir

  • Office Hours: Thursday 10:15 AM - 12:15 PM

  • Email: sadia.munir@utoronto.ca

  • Course Website: Course Link

Teaching Assistants

  • Osama Abdalla

  • Diaa Abdallah

  • Fadl Ammar

  • Denny Maranga

  • Anita Nikolsky

  • Jasnoor Sandhu

  • Nonika Singerkhani

Class Schedule

  • Lectures: Tuesdays and Thursdays 9:00 - 10:00 AM

  • Labs: Check Acorn (MN 2262, MN 2266, MN 2263)

Course Introduction

  • Introduction to the course syllabus and overview of BIO209.

Course Objectives

By the end of the course, students will be able to:

  • Explain fundamental concepts of human physiology related to organ systems (endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive).

  • Identify anatomical structures within these organ systems.

  • Relate form and function of various organ systems.

  • Apply knowledge to solve problems in maintaining and regulating body systems.

  • Communicate biological knowledge clearly and concisely in writing, using appropriate terminology.

  • Identify effective study strategies for preparing for tests and exams in anatomy and physiology.

  • Explore various career paths related to health sciences.

Textbook and Resources

  • Main Textbook: Visual Anatomy & Physiology by Martini et al., 3rd edition, Pearson 2017.

    • Formats Available: e-book (recommended), hardcover.

Grading Scheme

  • Weekly Online Quizzes: 10% (ongoing)

  • Tutorial Worksheets: 8% (ongoing)

  • Class Participation: 4% (ongoing)

  • Term Test: 22% (February 13, 2025)

  • A & P and Disease Assignment: 16% (March 26, 2025)

  • Final Exam: 40% (TBA)

  • Total: 100%

Learning Metacognition

Key Questions for Weekly Reflection

  1. What should I do first?

  2. Is anything confusing to me?

  3. Can I explain what I’ve learned?

  4. Should I ask for extra help?

  5. Can I apply it to different contexts?

  6. Why did I get this answer wrong?

  7. How can I do better next time?

Senses Overview

Learning Objectives

  1. Classify sense organs as general or special.

  2. Explain how a stimulus is converted into sensation.

  3. Discuss functions of general sense organs.

  4. Describe the structure of the eye and functions of its components.

  5. Discuss anatomy of the ear, tongue, and nasal cavity related to senses.

  6. Explain integration of senses.

Classification of Senses

General Senses

  • Properties:

    • Individual cells or receptor units.

    • Widely distributed in the body.

Special Senses

  • Properties:

    • Complex organs localized in specific areas.

Types of Receptors by Stimulus

  1. Photoreceptors: Detect light.

  2. Chemoreceptors: Detect chemicals.

  3. Pain receptors: Respond to injury.

  4. Thermoreceptors: Respond to temperature changes.

  5. Mechanoreceptors: Respond to movement/deformation.

  6. Proprioceptors: Sense position of body parts and changes in muscle length/tension.

Functional Classification

General Sensory Receptors

  • Nociceptors: Sense pain.

  • Thermoreceptors: Sense temperature.

  • Mechanoreceptors: Sense mechanical changes.

    • Tactile Receptors: Include fine and crude touch receptors.

Sensory Pathways

  • Characteristics of sense organs:

    • Detect stimulus.

    • Convert stimulus into nerve impulse.

    • Nerve impulse leads to sensation perception in CNS.

General Senses Characteristics

  • Distribution is widespread; single-cell receptors are common but unevenly distributed.

Eye Structure and Function

Eye Cavities and Tunics

  1. Fibrous Layer: Supports and protects the eye, attachment for muscles, refracts light.

  2. Vascular Layer (Uvea): Contains blood vessels and muscles; regulates light entering.

  3. Inner Layer (Retina): Contains photoreceptors (rods and cones).

Accessory Structures

  • Eyelashes: Protect eyes from debris.

  • Eyelids: Lubricate and protect the eye surface.

  • Conjunctiva: Mucous membrane covering the eye.

Photoreceptors in Retina

Types of Photoreceptors

  • Rods: High sensitivity for dim light; no color discrimination.

  • Cones: Color vision; sharper images, require more light.

Color Vision Mechanism

  • Based on the three cone types (blue, green, red).

  • Color blindness: Due to nonfunctional cones; most common is red-green color blindness.

Review Topics

  1. Effects of light intensity on pupil size.

  2. Pathway of light through the eye.

  3. Factors influencing near point of vision.

  4. Understanding of photoreception involving visual pigments.