# 🔹 URBAN FORM & STRUCTURE — DEFINITIONS ### **Urban form =** **Explanation:** What a city physically looks like and how it is laid out. **Memoriz
🔹 URBAN FORM & STRUCTURE — DEFINITIONS
Urban form =
Explanation: What a city physically looks like and how it is laid out.
Memorize:
The physical layout and organization of a city.
Central Business District (CBD) =
Explanation: Downtown area with offices, government, culture, and transport.
Memorize:
The downtown core of a city containing major commercial, political, and cultural activities and high-rise buildings.
Urban structure =
Explanation: How different land uses are arranged in a city.
Memorize:
The arrangement of residential, commercial, industrial, and other land uses within a city.
Urban morphology =
Explanation: The shape and physical form of the city.
Memorize:
The physical form and structure of urban areas.
Population density =
Explanation: How crowded a place is.
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The number of people living per unit of land area.
Class =
Explanation: Groups of people divided by money and social status.
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A large group of people sharing similar income, occupation, and social status.
🔹 CLASSIC URBAN MODELS — DEFINITIONS
Concentric Zone Model =
Explanation: City grows outward in rings from downtown.
Memorize:
A model that explains urban land use as a series of concentric rings expanding outward from the CBD.
Zone in Transition =
Explanation: Area next to CBD with industry and poor housing.
Memorize:
An area surrounding the CBD characterized by industry, warehouses, and low-quality housing.
Sector Model =
Explanation: City grows along transport routes in wedges.
Memorize:
A model explaining urban land use as sectors radiating outward from the CBD along transportation corridors.
Multiple Nuclei Model =
Explanation: Cities have many centres, not one downtown.
Memorize:
A model stating that cities develop around multiple centres of activity rather than a single CBD.
Centripetal forces =
Explanation: Forces that pull activities together.
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Forces that attract people and activities toward a particular location.
Centrifugal forces =
Explanation: Forces that push activities away.
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Forces that repel people and activities from a location.
🔹 WORLD CITY MODELS — DEFINITIONS
Commercial spine =
Explanation: Main wealthy boulevard in Latin American cities.
Memorize:
A major commercial corridor extending outward from the CBD.
In situ accretion =
Explanation: Gradual improvement of housing by residents.
Memorize:
A process where residents gradually improve their homes over time.
Disamenity sector =
Explanation: Poor housing near pollution or hazards.
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Areas of low-quality housing located near undesirable features.
Informal settlement / Squatter settlement =
Explanation: Housing built illegally without services.
Memorize:
Residential areas built without legal ownership or formal services.
🔹 HOUSING & NEIGHBOURHOODS — DEFINITIONS
Neighbourhood =
Explanation: Area with similar housing and social traits.
Memorize:
A part of a city with relatively uniform housing and social characteristics.
Economic restructuring =
Explanation: Shift from factories to services.
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The decline of manufacturing and growth of service-sector employment.
Internationalization =
Explanation: More immigration from diverse regions.
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The increasing movement of people, capital, and culture across national borders.
Retrenchment of the welfare state =
Explanation: Government cuts social support.
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The reduction of government spending on social welfare programs.
🔹 HOUSING MARKET — DEFINITIONS
Redlining =
Explanation: Banks refusing loans to certain areas.
Memorize:
A discriminatory practice where financial institutions deny loans to certain neighbourhoods.
Residential mobility =
Explanation: Moving houses within a city.
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The movement of individuals or families from one residence to another.
Filtering =
Explanation: Housing changes users over time.
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A process where housing shifts from higher-income to lower-income occupants over time.
Downward filtering =
Explanation: Housing declines in quality and value.
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A process where housing becomes cheaper and lower quality over time.
Upward filtering =
Explanation: Housing becomes more valuable.
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A process where housing increases in value and attracts higher-income residents.
Negative equity =
Explanation: Owe more than house is worth.
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A situation where the mortgage value exceeds the market value of a home.
Gentrification =
Explanation: Wealthier people move into poorer areas.
Memorize:
A process where higher-income groups move into lower-income neighbourhoods, raising property values and displacing residents.
🔹 SEGREGATION — DEFINITIONS
Segregation =
Explanation: Groups live separately.
Memorize:
The spatial separation of population groups within a city.
Charter population =
Explanation: Dominant group.
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The dominant cultural group in a society.
Minority population =
Explanation: Group seen as different.
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A population group that differs from the dominant society.
Congregation =
Explanation: Voluntary clustering.
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The voluntary residential clustering of a population group.
Involuntary segregation =
Explanation: Forced separation.
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Residential clustering caused by discrimination.
Enclave =
Explanation: Protective community.
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A voluntary residential concentration of a minority group.
Ghetto =
Explanation: Forced segregation area.
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A residential area formed through long-term discrimination.
Colony =
Explanation: Temporary immigrant area.
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A temporary residential concentration of a minority population.
Visible minority =
Explanation: Non-white, non-Indigenous (Canada).
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A minority group defined by visible physical characteristics.
Cultural minority =
Explanation: Difference beyond skin colour.
Memorize:
A minority group distinguished by language, religion, or lifestyle.
Index of Dissimilarity =
Explanation: Measures how separated groups are.
Memorize:
A measure of how evenly a minority group is distributed compared to the charter population.
Isolation Index =
Explanation: Measures interaction within group.
Memorize:
A measure of how much a minority group interacts mainly with itself.