Identified individuals: Joan, Dorothy, CLEENEX, and Clara.
The lecture focuses on an analysis of the gender pay gap.
Reflections
Discusses reflections related to the gender pay gap.
Today's Agenda
Gender as stratification.
Analyzing the gender pay gap.
What causes the gender pay gap?
Sex and Gender
Biological sex is considered biological and binary, with natural differences extending into the social realm.
Gender is defined as an everyday performance based on normative assumptions about sex categories.
Certain gender characteristics are favored in public life.
Personal Reflection
How has your day been gendered?
Gender Performance
What elements of 'gender performance' would provide social advantages?
Equal Pay Amendment Act 2020
Part 2: Key provisions
2AAC Differentiation in rates of remuneration prohibited
An employer must ensure that:
There is no differentiation, on the basis of sex, between the rates of remuneration offered and afforded by the employer to employees who perform the same, or substantially similar, work.
There is no differentiation, on the basis of sex, between the rates of remuneration offered and afforded by the employer for work that is exclusively or predominantly performed by female employees and the rate of remuneration that would be paid to male employees who:
Have the same, or substantially similar, skills, responsibility, and experience.
Work under the same, or substantially similar, conditions, and with the same, or substantially similar, degrees of effort.
Section 2AAC: inserted on 6 November 2020, by section 7 of the Equal Pay Amendment Act 2020 (2020 No 45).
Sexism Definition
Prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, often based on the implicit or explicit belief that one gender is superior to another.
Education and Earning Power (2017 & 2014 Data)
Education 2017
At school until age 17:
86.1% (Female)
80.1% (Male)
Year 13 attaining NCEA level 3:
70.3% (Female)
60.6% (Male)
Year 13 attaining UE:
55.4% (Female)
42.7% (Male)
Tertiary graduates:
62.1% (Female)
37.9% (Male)
Median earnings 2014
One year after study:
Bachelor's degree:
38,109 (Female)
38,049 (Male)
Doctorate:
59,612 (Female)
60,996 (Male)
Five years after study:
Bachelor's degree:
49,456 (Female)
53,487 (Male)
Doctorate:
65,173 (Female)
76,605 (Male)
Source: Ministry of Education, NZQA / Herald graphic
Hourly Earnings and Gender Pay Gaps by Occupation (June 2023)
Men's and Women's hourly earnings by occupation, and gender pay gaps by occupation.
Occupation and Gender Pay Gap (GPG):
Managers: 14%
Professionals: 12%
Technicians and Trade workers: 8%
Community and Personal Service workers: 6%
Clerical and Administration workers: 4%
Sales workers: 2%
Machinery operators and drivers: 0%
Labourers: Residual occupations
Gender Pay Gap in New Zealand (1998-2023)
Gender pay gap in New Zealand since 1998:
2023: 8.6%
2022: 9.2%
2021: 9.1%
2020: 9.5%
2019: 9.3%
2018: 9.2%
2017: 9.4%
2016: 12.0%
2015: 11.8%
2014: 9.9%
2013: 11.2%
2012: 9.1%
2011: 10.3%
2010: 10.8%
2009: 11.5%
2008: 12.5%
2007: 11.9%
2006: 12.1%
2005: 24.0%
2004: 12.7%
2003: 12.5%
2002: 12.3%
2001: 13.1%
2000: 14.0%
1999: 15.2%
1998: 16.3%
Source: Stats NZ Household Labour Force Survey (June 2023)
Explanations for Gendered Stratification
Differences in power and pay in Aotearoa New Zealand are caused by:
Biological differences between males and females that have social consequences.
Direct discrimination against women in the workplace.
Unconscious stereotypes about gender differences learned from an early age, based on assumptions about biological differences.
Group Activity
Choose one occupational category.
Apply each of the explanations to the gender pay gap in NZ.
Pay Equity by Ethnicity
For every 1.00 a Pākehā man earns…
A Pākehā woman earns 0.89
A Māori man earns 0.86
An Asian man earns 0.86
An Asian woman earns 0.83
A Pasifika man earns 0.81
A Māori woman earns 0.81
A Pasifika woman earns 0.75
Hourly Average Earnings by Gender and Ethnicity (Year to June 30)
Women
Pakeha: 27.41/h
Māori: 24.26/h
Pacific: 23.01/h
Asian: 25.92/h
Men
Pakeha: 31.82/h
Māori: 26.08/h
Pacific: 26.03/h
Asian: 25.92/h
Source: Coalition for Equal Value, Equal Pay / Herald graphic
Earnings Disparities
Pacific men earn less than Pakeha women.
15\% difference between Pakeha men and Pakeha women.
19\% difference between Pakeha women and Pacific women.
Reflection Question
Initial thoughts - what is more influential, gender or ethnicity (race)?