Class 10 English Medium – Chapter 5 (Gujarati SL): ‘Krishi­kranti / White Revolution Pioneers’

Tribhuvandas Patel

• Birth : $(22\,October\,1903)$ at Anand, Gujarat, India
• Founder-Chairman of Kheda District Milk Producers’ Cooperative Union Ltd. (the future ‘Amul Dairy’)
• Ideological influences – Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
• Personal qualities noted in the lesson
– Selfless service (niswarth seva)
– Philanthropy (paropkaar)
– Warm-heartedness (man-ni mamta)
• Weekly literary circle with friends near the village Hanuman temple; wrote an essay on “Co-operation” that impressed his peers
• During Silver-Jubilee felicitation he refused costly gifts; the voluntary collection of $6\,90\,000\;Rs$ became the corpus of “Tribhuvandas Foundation” for maternal-child health work
• Received the ‘Philippines Ramon-Magsaysay Award’ for Community Leadership for Amul-movement
• Deceased at the age of $91$; his daughter – Manibahen

Dr Verghese Kurien (Father of India’s White Revolution)

• Birth : $(26\,November\,1921)$ at Calicut, Kerala
• Schooling – Loyola College, Madras; B.Sc. (Physics)
• Engineering – College of Engineering, Guindy (Madras)
• Age at college admission : $14\;years$
• U.S. Scholarship – Specialised in “Dairy Engineering” at Michigan State after 8-month training in ‘Imperial Dairy Research Institute’, Bangalore
• First job selection – Tata Iron & Steel Co. (TISCO) Jamshedpur as apprentice; resigned because he disliked being labelled “Director’s nephew”, demonstrating strong self-respect
• Government of India deputed him to Anand Dairy (1949); initially lived in a garage as no house was on rent
• Inspired by Tribhuvandas Patel’s ideals—accepted him as ‘mentor & guide’
• Pioneering concept: buffalo-milk powder; earlier belief restricted powder to cow-milk in temperate Western nations
• Technical intervention and cooperative organisation liberated farmers from the private firm ‘Polson’ that bought milk cheaply and sold dear in Bombay
• 33-year Chairman of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) – established at Delhi on Govt. request
• Conceived ‘Operation Flood’ – nationwide milk grid
• Personal management style
– Daily shop-floor rounds; spotted an employee licking cream; next day ordered “Every staff to drink $0.5\,litre$ milk daily” – caring, corrective not punitive
• Salary ethic – As Chairman, accepted only $500\;Rs$ per month; after age $60$ served without pay
• International honours
– World Dairy Expo : “International Person of the Year”
– USA : “Nominee for World Food Prize” (text says ‘Most Distinguished Alumni’)
– $15$ Honorary Doctorates worldwide
• Autobiography : “I Too Had a Dream” (Gujarati title ‘Maari Swapan’)
• Demise : Nadiad, Gujarat; 26 Nov celebrated as “National Milk Day”

Institutions & Projects

• Kheda District Milk Producers’ Cooperative Union Ltd – popular name ‘Amul’ (Anand Milk Union Ltd)
• Products manufactured
– Pasteurised milk, butter-milk, ghee, butter, skim-milk powder, cheese, chocolate, ice-cream, sweets, edible oil etc.
• Nickname to Anand city by Kurien – “Milk City”
• NDDB (National Dairy Development Board) – apex technical & funding body for cooperative dairies
• Operation Flood (1970-1996) – made India world’s largest milk producer
• ‘Milk Marketing Federation of Gujarat’ – Kurien drew a token salary of $5000\;Rs$ a month
• Amul cooperative umbrella benefits
– Farmers, women, cattle-owners, traders
• Mentoring roots – Sardar Patel sowed the seed idea of farmer cooperative societies

Media & Cultural Outreach

• Feature film “Manthan” (1976) directed by Shyam Benegal
– Portrays ideals & working of milk-cooperative
– Budget $1\;million\;Rs$ crowdfunded: each cooperative member contributed $1\;Re$
• Tribhuvandas, Kurien worked shoulder-to-shoulder for $40\;years$ to build Amul

Key Dates & Numbers

• Tribhuvandas birth: $1903$ ; Kurien birth: $1921$
• Tribhuvandas death: $1994$ ; Kurien death: $2012$ (age $91$)
• NDDB foundation year: $1965$
• Operation Flood phases: I ($1970–1980$), II ($1981–1985$), III ($1986–1996$)

Awards Summary

• Tribhuvandas Patel
– Ramon Magsaysay (Community Leadership)
• Verghese Kurien
– Ramon Magsaysay (1963)
– Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan
– World Dairy Expo “International Person of the Year”

Cooperative Business Model – Conceptual Notes

• Farmers own the dairy; each supplies milk to village society
• Three-tier structure

1. Village society

2. District union

3. State federation
   • Profits distributed to members; eliminates middle-men/dalals
   • Technical services – veterinary care, artificial insemination, feed, health camps through Tribhuvandas Foundation

Vocabulary / Grammar Highlights from Lesson

• Key Gujarati–English parallels
– Sahkaar = Cooperation
– Niswarth Seva = Selfless service
– Doodh = Milk
– Dugdh Praudyogiki = Dairy technology
• Idioms & proverbs (with English interpretation)
– “Sopan sar karva” → to attain milestones / success
– “Paya na pathar thavu” → to lay the foundation
– “Papa pagli padvi” → to begin slowly but surely
– “Haran fale vikatarvu” → to grow by leaps and bounds
• Correct spellings & antonyms practiced – e.g.,
– $\text{Vikas} \; (development) \;\leftrightarrow\; \text{Vinash}$
– $\text{Swavalambi} \;(self-reliant) \;\leftrightarrow\; \text{Paravalambi}$

Sample Exam-type Facts Directly Asked in Text

• First posting of Kurien’s career – TISCO, Jamshedpur
• Kurien & Patel jointly got Khera farmers to form cooperative in $1946$
• Film ‘Manthan’ cost $10\;lakh\;Rs$ – raised via $1\;Re$ tokens
• Kurien established buffalo-milk powder plant proving Western dogma wrong
• Amul’s logo girl is the world’s longest continuously running advertising concept

Ethical & Economic Significance

• Demonstrated that technology + cooperative democracy can transform rural economy
• Empowered millions of marginal farmers, especially women (self-help groups for cattle care)
• Propelled India from milk-deficit to milk-surplus nation – ensuring protein security
• Set global benchmark for social entrepreneurship

Connections to Broader Curriculum

• Relates to Gandhian rural uplift & Sarvodaya
• Case study for Business Studies (Co-operative enterprises)
• Illustrates Chemistry/Biology applications – pasteurisation, milk powder spray-drying
• Demonstrates Management principles – leadership, HR welfare, supply-chain

Quick Revision Flash Points

• $22\,10\,1903$ – Birth of Tribhuvandas
• $26\,11\,1921$ – Birth of Kurien
• $1946$ – Cooperative founded at Anand
• $1965$ – NDDB set up
• $1970$ – Operation Flood launch
• $26\,Nov$ – National Milk Day
• Film ‘Manthan’ – Shyam Benegal, $1976$
• Kurien – $33$ years NDDB Chair