ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

1. Churches

St. Peter Basilica – most important building in Italian Renaissance; largest church

in theworld

Famous Architects and Builders of St. Peter Basilica

a. Donato Bramante – the first Roman Renaissance

Architect, designed the original plan (Greek Cross)

b. Guiliano da Sangallo – continued the works left by

Bramante who died at the early stage of construction

c. Fra Giacondo

d. Raphael (Rafaello Sanzio) – proposed a Latin Cross Plan

e. Baldassare Peruzzi – changed the plan of Raphael

back to theGreek Cross Plan

f. Antonio da Sangallo – younger brother of Guiliano, altered

the planof Peruzzi

- designed the extension of the lofty campanile and

elaboratedCentral Dome

g. Michaelangelo Buonarrotti – introduced again the

Greek CrossPlan and strengthened the piers of the dome

- redesign the surroundings

- commenced the construction of the Greek Dome h.

Giacomo della Porta

i. Domenico Fontana – supervised the completion of the

central domeof Michaelangelo

j. Giacomo Barrozi da Vignola – added only side domes / copulas

k. Carlo Maderna – lengthened the nave to form a Latin

Cross andadded a gigantic façade

l. Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini – designed the entrance Piazza

with 284 Ionic Columns and the Tuscan collonade

Medici Chapel, Florence - by Michaelangelo Buonarrotti

S. Lorenzo, Florence – by Filippo Brunelleschi, the famous architect in Florence

S. Maria della Cancelleria, Rome – by Donato Bramante, the famous

architectin Rome

Basilica Vicenza, Venice – by Andrea Palladio, the famous architect in Venice

2. Palaces – also termed as “Palais”

Characteristics of Palaces a.

Absence of pilasters

b. Boldly projecting cornice

c. Column arcades

Vatican Palace, Rome – the largest palace in Italy by Donato Bramante

Palazzo Ricardi, Florence - by Michelozzo Michellozzi

Palazzo Farnese, Rome – grandest palace of the period by Sangallo; Top

storeyadded by Michaelangelo Bounarrotti

Palazzo Pitti, Florence – second largest palace in Italy by Fillipo Bruneleschi

TERMINOLOGIES

Rustication – a method of forming stone work with roughened surface and

recessedjoints

Cortile – Italian name for internal court surrounded by an arcade

Astylar – a treatment of façade without column

Piano Nobile – several steps going up and three steps going down before the

principalflooring of an Italian palace

Pietra Serena – a blue grey stone of fine quality

Pietra Forte – a brown stone more suitable of fine quality

Cantoria – a singer’s gallery or “choir”

- French Renaissance was delayed for 25 years

- Since Gothic and Romanesque commute, France was united a

Single kingdom

- Paris became the center; also known as the city of stones, fashion,

arts and literature

G. ARCHITECTURAL

CHARACTER

Periods of Development

1. Early Period (1461-1589) or Transition Period

- Combination of Gothic and Renaissance feature (use of

Classic ornament on Gothic structure

- Principal buildings were castle complete with garden, court,

Majestic entourage, moat and protective walls

- Gothic influence was still pronounced: verticality and picturesque

- Personalities a. Jean Gaijon

2. Classical Period (1589-1715)

- Remarkable artistic ability due to the free use of order.

They break the rule on order

- Interior with many decorations such as scrolls, nymphs,

shell,wreath, cupids, etc.

- Mass produce ornament made possible by the use of

stucco and paper mache or paper bonded with plaster of

paris

- Considered as the Great Age in France because many

Buildings were constructed in this period

- Personalities a. Solomon de Brojxe – Palais Du Luxembourg

3. Late Period (1715-1793)

- Characterized by the use of Baroque style brought by the

Jesuit Order like Filarete, balustria, Rococo – Louis XIX

- Movement is best seen in planning and in garden design

(elaborategarden complete with pedestal) – interior going

out

- Town planning started in the City of Nancyne

- Personalities a. Jacques Jules Gabriel

b. Juste Aurele Meissonier – famous for

his Eccentric Style (Rococo)

- Three stylistic phases may be distinguished

a. sovereign Louis XV

b. sovereign Louis XVI

c. Empire – 1790-1830

Rococo Design – extreme forms of architecture in baroque

which was developed in France

4. Antiquarian

- Characterized by the use of ancient classical style

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

Secular Architecture

1. Chateau or Chateaux – castle, residence for noble families

e.g. Chateau de Blois – (AD 1508) for Louis XII by Francis I and

Francois Mansard and completed three centuries later by

Caston D’Orleans

- Façade window was panelled instead of moulded mullion

- Famous for its spiral staircase which is enclosed in an open

tower Chateau de Bury - (AD 1520) consist of a large square

court fronted by a screen wall

- typical French chateau

Chateau de Chambord – A semi-fortified chateau; the famous

in the Loire District designed by Pierre L’ Nepvan / Domenico de

Cortuna Chateau de Maisons – designed by Francoi Mansard

on a symmetricalH-plan with central entrance and twin oval

shaped side vestibule Chateau d’Azay, Rideu – built on an

island

2. Palais – palace

e.g. Palais de Fontainebleau – designed by Le Breton on a former

convent siteand considered as the favorite residence of Francis I

Palais de Versailles – designed successively by Le Van, Jules

mansardand Gabriel and the magnificent formal garden by Le Notre

Palais de Louvre, Paris – construction covered 132 years and shows the

complete stages of French Renaissance development

- one of the most imposing palaces in Europe covering an

area of 45 acres

- designed by Pierre Lescot over an old Gothic Chateau

Palais de Tuileris, Paris – work started by Philibert Del

Orme who erected a domical central pavilion flanked by two

wings

- used as residence by French rulers until destroyed in

1871 Palais de Luxembourg – erected by de Brosse in the

bold and simpleFlorentine style

- currently used as a Senate House

Petite Trianon, Versailles – erected by Louis XV for Madame Duberry,

3. Church

e.g. S. Eustache, Paris – designed by Dominic of Cortons and

completed after122 years

S. Etienne de Mont, Paris – famous for its Jube (rood screen)

havingdouble staircase with ornate balustrade

Church of the Val de Grace, Paris – designed by Francois

Mansard as apart of monastery

Church of the Sorbonne, Paris – by Le Mercier for Cardinal Richelieu

S. Sulpice, Paris – designed by Le Van, a church of tremendous

size with18 chapels and the façade by Servandoni

S. Gervais, Paris – the earliest wholly classical church façade of

importance of the French Renaissance

4. Other Building Structures

e.g. Dome of the Invalides, Paris – commenced by Bruant and Jules Mansard

Pantheon, Paris – designed by Soufflot

Opera House, Paris - by Charles Garnier

TERMINOLOGIES

Quions – hard stone or brick used with similar ones to reinforce an external

corner oredge of a wall

Scroll – contains spiral wind band or “volutes”

Wreath – or Swag or Festoon, twisted band, garland or chaplet representing

flowers,fruits, leaves for decoration

Chaines – vertical stripe of a rusticated masonry

Boss – a lump or a knob, projected ornament at the intersection of the ribs of a ceiling

Spanish Renaissance - was influenced by two civilizations, the

Moslem and the Christians

works calledrejas

Ignatius de Loyola- the founder of Jesuit Order, was responsible

for the Baroque propagation

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille - consolidated the

Kingdom of Spain

F. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

1. Early Period (1492-1556) – characterized by the combination of

Renaissance and Gothic and the adoption of the Moorish Art. This period

is also known as Plateresque (platero – silversmith) because of the

delicate ornaments embeddedon architectural members.

2. Classical Period (1556-1650) – Marked by adherence to the

Roman art,especially under guidance of Berruguette

- characterized by a door similar to Italian Renaissance

3. Late Period (1650-1800) – break away from traditional Classical

forms whichresulted in new and fantastic use of Roman Classic -

Baroque introduced toSpain by Jose de Churrigue

Churrigueresque – an expression of Spanish Baroque

Architecture and sculpture associated with the Churrigue Family

of arctist and architects, but not in harmonious, decorative

exhuberance. A recurrent feature wasthe richly garlanded spiral

column

e.g. Granada Cathedral - example of Spanish Baroque

Santiago de Compostela – good example of

Spanish Churriguerresque

Baroque Period – characterized by lavish ornamentation

Rococo Style – refers to the style of decoration rather than style of architecture

- Modern Spanish Architecture was merely the revival of past styles chiefly

found on commercial building

- Recent style (pre-war variety) showed innovations known as Art Noveau

- used new materials e.g. ferro or cement

4. Antiquarian Period (1750-1830) – architecture turned more towards

ancientclassical models at this time.

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

Secular

1. The Casa de las Conchas, Salamanca – exterior was

decorated withscallop shells

2. Palace at Guadalajara - mixture of Moorish, Gothic and

RenaissanceArchitecture

3. The Alcazar, Toledo – mixed Moorish and Gothic character

4. The University Façade, Salamanca

5. The Escorial, Madrid – started by Juan de Bautista and finished

by Juande Herrera

6. College of San Gregorio, Villadolid – mixture of Moorish,

Gothic andRenaissance Architecture

7. University, Alcala de Henares – typical treatments patio, rejas, scroll

8. Casa de Miranda, Burgos – an old Castillan mansion with

Imposing doorway and now used as a factory

9. Casa de Ayuntamiento, Sevilla – designed by Diego Riano

andconsidered the best example of Piicturesque building

10. Palace of Carlos V. Granada – started by Pedro Machuca and

consideredthe finest example of Spanish Renaissance

Ecclesiastic

1. S. Esteban, Salamanca – has Plateresque design

2. Burgos Cathedral – made prominent by the central cimborium

3. Granada Cathedral – one of the grandest example of

Renaissancecathedral in Southern Spain by Diego de Silde

4. Villadolid Cathedral – designed by Juan Herrera (considered the

Palladioof Spain); final front elevation never completed

5. Nuestra Senora del Pilar, Saragoza – rectangular church

6. Barcelona Cathedral

Manueline Style – a peculiarly Portuguese phenomenon, was contemporary

with the early period of the Spanish Renaissance taking its name from King

Manuel I, who reigned from 1495-1521. It is decorative rather than structural in

character and becauseit was generally superimposed upon Gothic forms

- it is often classified as medieval – the Great Monasteries of Belem and Batalua are

notable examples.

Castle of Simancas, Spain - located near the city of Valladolid, Spain. It was

built as adefensive fortress and was later converted into a prison. At the end of

the 15th century,Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand V bought the castle, and

their grandson, Charles,later converted it into the royal archive. In 1564 it was

remodelled under Spanish architect Juan de Herrera and became known as the

General Archive of Simancas.

This historic archive is the largest in Spain and second in Europe only to the

VaticanLibrary. It contains more than 30 million documents dating from the 15th to

the 19th centuries.

TERMINOLOGIES

Reja – an ornate iron grille or screen, a characteristic feature of Spanish church interiors

Patio – a Spanish arcaded or colonnaded courtyard

Plateresque – a phase of the Early Period of Spanish architecture of the later

15th andearly 16th century, an intricate style named after its likeness to silverwork

F. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

1. Early English Renaissance Period

a. Elizabethan Architecture – (1558-1603) transition style of Gothic

features and Renaissance details

- primarily secular rather than ecclesiastical

- exterior decorations (tower, gable, parapet, balustrade,

chimneystack, oriels, bay window)

- Elizabethan mansion was set in framework of formal garden

made ofcourts, terraces, lakes and mountain hedges Chief

Structure:

Elizabethan Mansion Features:

Grand staircase – adjacent to the hall, approach to the rooms

above Great hall or Hall of state – central position,

connecting all the parts of the mansion

Long gallery – most striking feature of the

mansion Withdrawing room – or solar room,

similar to living room

b. Jacobean Architecture – (1603-1625) adopted the

Elizabethan Architecture and later employed the classic

column and entablature

- Domestic buildings predominated

- Furnishings and furniture followed residential requirement

2. Late English Renaissance Period

Two Divisions of Late English Renaissance Period:

a. Stuart Architecture – divided into two phases

a.1 Jones Architecture – from Inigo Jones; style was

influenced byItalian Renaissance and characterized by

the use of bricks

Works of Inigo Jones

Banqueting House, Whitehall, London

Queen’s House, Greenwich – influenced by

PalladianArchitecture

a.2 Wren Architecture – from Sir Christopher Wren, a

scholar, mathematician, astronomer ; style was

influenced by FrenchRenaissance

Works of Sir Christopher Wren

St. Paul’s Cathedral, London – Wren’s

masterpiece,Greatest English Renaissance Building

b. Georgian Architecture – (1702-1830) divided into two phases

b.1 Anglo-Palladian – characterized by a building following

the strictRoman forms

b.2 Antiquarian Phase – influenced by the Greek and the

formal stageof Gothic revival

Sir John Vanbraugh – military officer; designer of palaces

Nicholas Hawksmoor – government official; designer of public buildings

ARCHITECTURAL

EXAMPLES

ELIZABETH AN

1. Monuments

Tombs – mostly in form of additions to churches

2. Mansions

a. The smaller type has:

- central hall

- kitchen

- office

- withdrawing room

- living room

b. The larger type has:

- great hall

- grand staircase

- long gallery

- withdrawing room (solarium)

- bedroom

- private chapel

c. Plan usually quadrangular – with front gate house

e.g. Handwicke Hall – by Robert

SmithsonCastle Cashby –John Thorpe

Wollaton Hall – Thorpe and

SmithsonLongford Castle –

John Thorpe

3. Colleges

e.g. Caius Colleges – Theodore Haveus

S. John’s Colleges – Ralph Simons

4. Schools – new elementary schools were erected for the poor 5. Town house

– use as stopover, rest house by country

e.g. Travellers

Staple

Inn

Charte

r house

Jacobean 1.

Domestic

e.g. Hatfield House – Robert Lyminge

Holland House – John

Thorpe Branshill House

– John Thorpe

Aston Hall – John Thorpe 2.

Other Building Types

a. colleges

b. manor house

c. town house

d. market hall

e. hospitals

f. almhouses

e.g. Ivy LeagueYale Princeton Harvard

g. The Bodleian Library, Oxford (1613-36)

Ashburnham House, Westminster

Belton House, Grantham

Honing ton Hall, Warwickshire (1685)

Georgian Period – domestic architecture had been fairly standardized resulting

in twoforms:

1. Simple Block Plan

- Originally developed from the square of oblong

- Hall and staircase located at the center while rooms compactly

arranged oneither side

- Small middle class houses contain basement for kitchen,

storage andservant’s quarters

- Interior and exterior have symmetrical design

2. Central Block with Wings

- Pediment and portico style

- This type superseded the alphabetical plan

- With basement for service purposes

- Main floor contains portico, hall, grand staircase, reception hall and saloon

- Side colonnade connected the central block to the wings which

containchapel, kitchen, library and stable

Blenheim palace, Oxford shire (1704-20) – the most monumental

mansion inEngland by Sir john Vanbrugh

German Renaissance was delayed for 125 years

D. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE

Martin Luther – dominated the

Reformation Later Protestantism

Diversity and rivalry in social life prevented development of national form

Renaissance was propagated through publication and universities

F. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

- Buildings were noted for variable grouping, picturesque and

Grotesque ornament.

- Most buildings were located in towns.

- Baroque not universally accepted ( used only in specific

buildings anddetails)

German Renaissance Period

a. Early Renaissance – Renaissance and Gothic combined

b. Middle Renaissance – more formal in design

c. Late Renaissance – orders were freely used

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

1. Heidelberg Castle – twice stroked by lightning; well exemplifies different

periodsof the Renaissance; 280 meters above sea level

2. Gevandhaus, Brunswick – Eatern elevation show characteristic german

steppedgable treatment

3. Loggia Waldstein Palace, Prague – by Antonio and Petro Spezza

4. Troja Palace, Prague – by JB Mathey

5. Walhalla Temple, Kansas – resemblance to Greek Parthenon

22. The Wieskirche – Most celebrated Rococo church but has an exterior as

simple asa village barn

Russian Renaissance emerged in Moscow where Ivan III the first

ruler to take the title “Tzar” and sent Italian Architects to reconstruct

the Kremlin

E. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

Moscow or Naryshkin Baroque – picturesque blend of Russian and Western

Architecture

Domenico Tressini (1670-1734) – influenced the design of St. Peterbourg

Cathedral

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

1. St. Petersburg, Leningrad – a baroque example by Bartolomeo Rastrelli

2. Former General Staff Headquarters, Leningrad – a huge 3-

storey crescent, quite plain but for the central feature, a triumphal

arch surmountedby a quadriga

3. Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin, Moscow – a

church of the 16th century pyramidal type to which the Ukranian

Baroque ornament is applied

4. Marble Palace – named after its material, marble

5. Cathedral of the Dormition – coronation place of the Tzars

6. The Ekaterininsky Palace (Catherine), Palaca – no less than

298 m inlength

7. Pavlousky Palace – built by Catherine for her son

9. Mikharovsky Palace – by Carlo Rossi

13. St. Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow – a Russian Orthodox Cathedral

which isa well-known landmark in Moscow. The richly

ornamented building was commissioned by Russian tsar Ivan IV,

also known as Ivan the Terrible, to commemorate victories in battle

and built between 1555 and 1679. The chapels of Saint Basil’s are

topped by colorful onion-shaped domes. Each dome is different in

size and decoration.

Netherland is a name which formerly embraced the whole of the

“Nederland”(Holland) and Belgium. It was influenced by the Italian, French

and German Renaissance. Outside contact due to overseas trade.

E. HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE

- Both countries attained national prosperity resulting to numerous building.

- Architecture was highly developed including painting, music and literature

- Conservative Dutch character reflected in Dutch building

- Emperor Maximilian with Mary of Burgundy the Low Countries

became a Hapsburg domain. Hence, on the abdication of Charles V

in 1556, the Netherlands came under the fanatically rigid rule of

Philip II of Spain(155698). A long and bitter revolt, led by William

the Silent, Prince of Orange(1533-84), was ruthlessly opposed by

the Spanish who by 1590 hadreconquered the ten southern

provinces, roughly the modern Belgium. Yet aided by geography

and sea power the seven northern provinces won their

independence and became the Dutch Republic. The seventeenth

century in Belgium was not a peaceful one, and with the decay of

Antwerp’s trade her prosperity suffered greatly. In the 18th century,

Spanish authority was followed by a period of French rule (1700-6),

and under the Treaty of Utrecht(1713) the country passed to

Austria. Later, it became involved in the struggle against Louis

XV’s ambitions (1740-8), only to be returned to Austrian rule. In

1789 there was an internal revolt, and soon after came

occupation by the French Revolutionary Forces (1794), this

prelude to her absorption into Napoleon’s Empire.

Dutch – Holland

1. Dutch Renaissance is basically plain and regular

2. German influence is evident, as well as others to limited degree – as follows:

a. Spanish – seen in picturesque tower roof design

b. Oriental – use of Bulbous dome

3. Brick was extensively used

4. Baroque was not tolerated

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

1. Townhall, Antwerp – important prototype of Belgian Early

RenaissanceArchitecture by de Vrient

2. Guildhouse, Brussels – company house to farmers and trade

3. S. Michael, Louvain – good example of Baroque Style by Peter

Huyssens whobelonged to the Jesuit Order

4. Townhall, Desden – most successful Renaissance of Holland treatment

5. Townhall, Leyden – most successful Renaissance building in Holland

withelevation treatment of scroll (work gable) and octagonal fleche by

Lieven De Key

6. Townhall, Ghent – noted for the Renaissance additions to the existing

Gothicbuilding

7. Townhall, Haarlem – old Gothic building with an added mixture of

curiousarchitectural details

8. The West Church, Amsterdam – by Hendrik de Keyser, is classical in

decorationthough its form is based on Gothic precedent adapted to

Protestant needs

9. Royal Palace, Amsterdam – a major example of Dutch civic

architecture on anunusually large scale

10. St. Pierre, Ghent - good example of Baroque Style by Peter

Huyssens whobelonged to the Jesuit Order

11. The Tower of St. Charles, Antwerp - good example of Baroque Style

by PeterHuyssens who belonged to the Jesuit Order

12. The Chancellery, Bruges – a town house has seemingly precocious

baroquequalities which are in fact due to the perpetuation of the

flamboyant Gothic spirit

13. The Mussee Plantin – Moretus, Antwerp – more authentically classical

and its extent and characteristics. Illustrates the opulence and social

status of a highly successful Flemish Burgher

14. HOTEL D’ ANSEMBOURG

15. CHURCH AT SCHERPENHEUVEL

16. The Maurishuis, The Hague (1633) - built by van Campen and Pieter Post for

Prince Maurice of Nassau, instances the

Dutch Palladian phase in its flattened temple-

like front in a harmonious facadal treatment

of brick and stone.