Worksheet: Comprehensive Medical Terminology Study Notes

General Medical Terminology Foundations

Prefixes and Their Meanings

a-: No, without, not
an-: No, without, not
ante-: Before, forward
anti-: Against
auto-: Self
brady-: Slow
contra-: Against, opposite
de-: Down, less, removal
dys-: Abnormal, difficult, painful
endo-: In, within, inside
epi-: Upon, above
eso-: Inward, within, into
eu-: Good, normal
ex-: Out, away from
exo-: Outside
extra-: Outside
hetero-: Other, different
homo-: Same
hydro-: Water, fluid
hyper-: Above, excessive
hypo-: Under, below, deficient
in-: In, into, not
inter-: Between
intra-: Within, inside
macro-: Large
micro-: Small
myo-: Muscle
neo-: New
pan-: All
para-: Alongside, near, abnormal
per-: Through
peri-: Around, surrounding
post-: After, behind
pre-: Before
pro-: Before, in front of
pseudo-: False
retro-: Behind, backward
sub-: Under, below
supra-: Above
tachy-: Fast
trans-: Across, through
ultra-: Beyond, excess
un-: Not
bi-: Two
hemi-: Half
mono-: One
multi-: Many
nulli-: None
poly-: Many, excessive
primi-: First
tri-: Three

Suffixes and Their Meanings

-algia: Pain
-cele: Hernia, swelling
-cyte: Cell
-dynia: Pain
-ectasis: Dilation, expansion
-gen: Producer, formation
-genesis: Producing, formation
-genic: Produced by
-ia: Condition
-iasis: Abnormal condition, state
-iatry: Medical specialty
-ism: Condition
-itis: Inflammation
-logist: Specialist
-logy: Study of
-lysis: Breakdown, destruction, separation
-lytic: Decomposition, destruction
-malacia: Softening
-megaly: Enlargement
-oid: Resembling
-oma: Tumor, mass
-osis: Abnormal condition
-pathy: Disease
-phobia: Fear, aversion
-plasia: Formation, growth
-plasm: Formation, growth
-plegia: Paralysis
-rrhage: Bursting forth, excessive flow
-rrhagia: Excessive bleeding, excessive discharge
-rrhea: Flow, discharge
-rrhexis: Rupture
-sclerosis: Hardening
-stenosis: Narrowing
-therapy: Treatment
-trophy: Growth, nourishment, development
-ule: Small
-centesis: Surgical puncture to withdraw fluid
-ectomy: Surgical removal
-ostomy: Surgical creation of an opening
-otomy: Incision
-pexy: Surgical fixation
-plasty: Surgical repair, reconstruction
-rrhaphy: Suture
-gram: Record, picture
-graph: Instrument for recording
-graphy: Process of recording
-meter: Device used for measuring
-metry: Process of measuring
-scope: Instrument used for viewing
-scopy: Visual examination

Word Roots and Combining Forms

aden/o: Gland
carcin/o: Cancer
cardi/o: Heart
chem/o: Chemical
cis/o: To cut
dermat/o: Skin
enter/o: Intestine
gastr/o: Stomach
gynec/o: Woman, female
hemat/o: Blood
hydr/o: Water, fluid
immun/o: Protection, immune
laryng/o: Larynx (voice box)
nephr/o: Kidney
neur/o: Nerve
ophthalm/o: Eye
ot/o: Ear
path/o: Disease
pulmon/o: Lungs
rhin/o: Nose

Medical Plural Formation Rules

bursa (singular) $\rightarrow$ bursae (plural)
thorax (singular) $\rightarrow$ thoraces (plural)
apex (singular) $\rightarrow$ apices (plural)
carcinoma (singular) $\rightarrow$ carcinomata (plural)
diagnosis (singular) $\rightarrow$ diagnoses (plural)
criterion (singular) $\rightarrow$ criteria (plural)
bronchus (singular) $\rightarrow$ bronchi (plural)
diverticulum (singular) $\rightarrow$ diverticula (plural)
deformity (singular) $\rightarrow$ deformities (plural)
larynx (singular) $\rightarrow$ larynges (plural)

Anatomical Planes and Body Regions

Body Planes:
- Frontal plane: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
- Sagittal plane: Divides the body into right and left portions.
- Transverse plane: Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
Body Regions:
- Cervical: Region pertaining to the neck.
- Thoracic: Region pertaining to the chest.
- Pelvic: Region pertaining to the pelvis.
- Pubic: Region pertaining to the pubes.
- Dorsal: Region pertaining to the back.
- Gluteal: Region pertaining to the buttocks.

Digestive System Medical Terminology

Digestive System Combining Forms Worksheet

Digestive Combining Forms and Chapter Terms

an/o: Anus $\rightarrow$ anoscopy: Visual examination of the anus.
append/o: Appendix $\rightarrow$ appendectomy: Surgical removal of the appendix.
appendic/o: Appendix $\rightarrow$ appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix.
bar/o: Pressure, weight $\rightarrow$ bariatric: Pertaining to weight or pressure treatment.
bucc/o: Cheek $\rightarrow$ buccal: Pertaining to the cheek.
cec/o: Cecum $\rightarrow$ cecal: Pertaining to the cecum.
chol/e: Gall, bile $\rightarrow$ cholelithiasis: Abnormal condition of gallstones.
cholangi/o: Bile duct $\rightarrow$ cholangiography: X-ray recording of the bile duct.
cholecyst/o: Gallbladder $\rightarrow$ cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder.
choledoch/o: Common bile duct $\rightarrow$ choledocholithiasis: Stones in the common bile duct.
cirrh/o: Yellow, tawny $\rightarrow$ cirrhosis: Yellow condition of the liver.
col/o: Colon $\rightarrow$ colostomy: Surgical creation of an opening into the colon.
colon/o: Colon $\rightarrow$ colonoscopy: Visual examination of the colon.
dent/o: Tooth $\rightarrow$ dentist: Specialist in teeth.
diverticul/o: Diverticulum $\rightarrow$ diverticulitis: Inflammation of a diverticulum.
duoden/o: Duodenum $\rightarrow$ duodenal: Pertaining to the duodenum.
enter/o: Intestine $\rightarrow$ enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine.
esophag/o: Esophagus $\rightarrow$ esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus.
gastr/o: Stomach $\rightarrow$ gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach.
gingiv/o: Gum $\rightarrow$ gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums.
gloss/o: Tongue $\rightarrow$ glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue.
hepat/o: Liver $\rightarrow$ hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver.
ile/o: Ileum $\rightarrow$ ileitis: Inflammation of the ileum.
jejun/o: Jejunum $\rightarrow$ jejunostomy: Surgical creation of an opening into the jejunum.
labi/o: Lip $\rightarrow$ labial: Pertaining to the lip.
lapar/o: Abdominal wall $\rightarrow$ laparoscopy: Visual examination of the abdominal wall and cavity.
lingu/o: Tongue $\rightarrow$ sublingual: Pertaining to under the tongue.
lith/o: Stone $\rightarrow$ lithotripsy: Surgical crushing of a stone.
odont/o: Tooth $\rightarrow$ orthodontist: Specialist who straightens teeth.
or/o: Mouth $\rightarrow$ oral: Pertaining to the mouth.
palat/o: Palate $\rightarrow$ palatoplasty: Surgical repair of the palate.
pancreat/o: Pancreas $\rightarrow$ pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas.
pharyng/o: Pharynx $\rightarrow$ pharyngitis: Inflammation of the pharynx.
polyp/o: Polyp $\rightarrow$ polypectomy: Surgical removal of a polyp.
proct/o: Rectum, anus $\rightarrow$ proctology: Study of the rectum and anus.
pylor/o: Pylorus $\rightarrow$ pyloric stenosis: Narrowing of the pylorus.
pyr/o: Fever, fire $\rightarrow$ pyrosis: Heartburn.
rect/o: Rectum $\rightarrow$ rectocele: Herniation into the rectum.
sialaden/o: Salivary gland $\rightarrow$ sialadenitis: Inflammation of a salivary gland.
sigmoid/o: Sigmoid colon $\rightarrow$ sigmoidoscopy: Visual examination of the sigmoid colon.

Digestive Suffixes

-emesis: Vomiting $\rightarrow$ hematemesis: Vomiting blood.
-istry: Practice, study of $\rightarrow$ dentistry: Study/practice of teeth and oral care.
-lithiasis: Abnormal condition of stones $\rightarrow$ cholelithiasis: Condition of gallstones.
-orexia: Appetite $\rightarrow$ anorexia: Without/loss of appetite.
-pepsia: Digestion $\rightarrow$ dyspepsia: Difficult or painful digestion.
-phagia: Eating, swallowing $\rightarrow$ dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing.
-prandial: Meal $\rightarrow$ postprandial: After a meal.
-tripsy: Surgical crushing $\rightarrow$ lithotripsy: Surgical crushing of a stone.

Digestive Medical Term Word Part Breakdown

Proctology: proct/o (anus, rectum) + -logy (study of) $\rightarrow$ Study of the anus and rectum.
Gastroesophageal: gastr/o (stomach) + esophag (esophagus) + -eal (pertaining to) $\rightarrow$ Pertaining to the stomach and esophagus.
Carcinoma: carcin/o (cancer) + -oma (tumor) $\rightarrow$ Cancerous tumor.
Colitis: col (colon) + -itis (inflammation) $\rightarrow$ Inflammation of the colon.
Cholecystitis: cholecys (gallbladder) + -itis (inflammation) $\rightarrow$ Inflammation of the gallbladder.
Cholelithiasis: chol/e (gall) + lith (stone) + -iasis (abnormal condition) $\rightarrow$ Abnormal condition of gallstones.
Cholecystography: cholecyst/o (gallbladder) + -graphy (process of recording) $\rightarrow$ X-ray recording of the gallbladder.
Intravenous: intra- (within) + ven (vein) + -ous (pertaining to) $\rightarrow$ Pertaining to within a vein.
Transhepatic: trans- (through) + hepat (liver) + -ic (pertaining to) $\rightarrow$ Pertaining to through the liver.
Cholangiography: cholangi/o (bile duct) + -graphy (process of recording) $\rightarrow$ X-ray recording of the bile ducts.
Colonoscopy: colon/o (colon) + -scopy (visual examination) $\rightarrow$ Visual examination of the colon.
Cholangiopancreatography: cholangi/o (bile duct) + pancreat/o (pancreas) + -graphy (process of recording) $\rightarrow$ X-ray recording of the bile ducts and pancreas.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy: esophag/o (esophagus) + gastr/o (stomach) + duodeno (duodenum) + -scopy (visual examination) $\rightarrow$ Visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
Gastroscopy: gastro (stomach) + -scopy (visual examination) $\rightarrow$ Visual examination of the stomach.
Laparoscopy: lapar/o (abdominal wall) + -scopy (visual examination) $\rightarrow$ Visual examination of the abdominal wall.
Sigmoidoscopy: sigmoid/o (sigmoid colon) + -scopy (visual examination) $\rightarrow$ Visual examination of the sigmoid colon.
Choledocholithotripsy: choledoch/o (common bile duct) + lith/o (stone) + -tripsy (surgical crushing) $\rightarrow$ Surgical crushing of a stone in the common bile duct.

Digestive Clinical Terms and Definitions

ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase): A diagnostic blood test used to evaluate liver function.
Antiemetic: A medication that treats nausea and vomiting.
Aphthous ulcer: Canker sore.
Ascites: Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal abdominal cavity.
Bariatric surgery: Surgical treatment for morbid obesity.
Cachexia: Loss of weight and generalized wasting.
Caries: Tooth cavity.
Cholelithiasis: Gallstones in the gallbladder.
Cirrhosis: Chronic liver disease.
Crown: Artificial covering for a tooth.
Emesis: Vomiting.
Esophageal varices: Varicose veins in the esophagus.
Fistula: Abnormal tube-like passageway.
FOBT (Fecal Occult Blood Test): Test for microscopic blood in stools.
Hematochezia: Bright red blood in the stools.
Hemorrhoids: Varicose veins in the rectum.
Herpes labialis: Fever blister.
Hiatal hernia: Diaphragmatocele (protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm).
Intussusception: Occurs when one section of intestine telescopes into another section.
Jaundice: Yellow tint to the skin associated with liver disease.
Lavage: Washing out the stomach.
Melena: Very dark, tarry stools due to the presence of blood.
Nausea: Feeling the urge to vomit.
Paracentesis: Surgical procedure of withdrawing fluid from the abdominal cavity.
Polyp: Small tumor on a stem or pedicle.
PTC (Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography): X-ray to visualize bile ducts using contrast medium.
Pyrosis: Heartburn.
Volvulus: Occurs when a length of bowel becomes twisted around itself.

Urogenital System Medical Terminology

Urinary System Combining Forms and Suffixes

azot/o: Nitrogen, urea $\rightarrow$ azotemia: Nitrogenous waste in the blood.
bacteri/o: Bacteria $\rightarrow$ bacteriuria: Bacteria in the urine.
cyst/o: Bladder $\rightarrow$ cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder.
glomerul/o: Glomerulus $\rightarrow$ glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the glomeruli and kidney.
glycos/o: Sugar, glucose $\rightarrow$ glycosuria: Glucose in the urine.
keton/o: Ketone $\rightarrow$ ketonuria: Ketones in the urine.
lith/o: Stone $\rightarrow$ nephrolithiasis: Condition of kidney stones.
meat/o: Meatus $\rightarrow$ meatotomy: Incision to enlarge the meatus.
nephr/o: Kidney $\rightarrow$ nephrology: Study of the kidney.
noct/i: Night $\rightarrow$ nocturia: Excessive urination at night.
olig/o: Scanty $\rightarrow$ oliguria: Scanty amount of urine.
protein/o: Protein $\rightarrow$ proteinuria: Protein in the urine.
pyel/o: Renal pelvis $\rightarrow$ pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney.
ren/o: Kidney $\rightarrow$ renal: Pertaining to the kidney.
ur/o: Urinary tract, urine $\rightarrow$ urology: Study of the urinary tract.
ureter/o: Ureter $\rightarrow$ ureteral: Pertaining to the ureter.
urethr/o: Urethra $\rightarrow$ urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra.
urin/o: Urine $\rightarrow$ urinalysis: Physical and chemical analysis of urine.
-lith: Stone $\rightarrow$ nephrolith: Kidney stone.
-lithiasis: Abnormal condition of stones $\rightarrow$ nephrolithiasis: Condition of kidney stones.
-ptosis: Prolapse $\rightarrow$ nephroptosis: Prolapse of the kidney.
-tripsy: Surgical crushing $\rightarrow$ lithotripsy: Surgical crushing of a stone.
-uria: Condition of urine $\rightarrow$ hematuria: Blood in the urine.

Female Reproductive System Combining Forms and Suffixes

amni/o: Amnion $\rightarrow$ amniocentesis: Surgical puncture to remove amniotic fluid.
cervic/o: Cervix $\rightarrow$ cervicitis: Inflammation of the cervix.
chori/o: Chorion $\rightarrow$ choriocarcinoma: Cancerous tumor of chorionic tissue.
colp/o: Vagina $\rightarrow$ colposcopy: Visual examination of the vagina.
culd/o: Cul-de-sac $\rightarrow$ culdocentesis: Surgical puncture of the cul-de-sac.
embry/o: Embryo $\rightarrow$ embryonic: Pertaining to the embryo.
episi/o: Vulva $\rightarrow$ episiotomy: Incision of the vulva.
fet/o: Fetus $\rightarrow$ fetal: Pertaining to the fetus.
gynec/o: Woman, female $\rightarrow$ gynecology: Study of women's diseases.
hymen/o: Hymen $\rightarrow$ hymenectomy: Surgical removal of the hymen.
hyster/o: Uterus $\rightarrow$ hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus.
lact/o: Milk $\rightarrow$ lactation: Production of milk.
mamm/o: Breast $\rightarrow$ mammography: X-ray recording of the breast.
mast/o: Breast $\rightarrow$ mastitis: Inflammation of the breast.
men/o: Menstruation $\rightarrow$ menorrhagia: Excessive menstrual bleeding.
metr/o: Uterus $\rightarrow$ endometrium: Inner lining of the uterus.
nat/o: Birth $\rightarrow$ neonatal: Pertaining to the newborn.
o/o: Egg $\rightarrow$ oocyte: Egg cell.
oophor/o: Ovary $\rightarrow$ oophorectomy: Surgical removal of an ovary.
ovari/o: Ovary $\rightarrow$ ovarian: Pertaining to the ovary.
perin/e/o: Perineum $\rightarrow$ perineorrhaphy: Suture of the perineum.
salping/o: Fallopian tube $\rightarrow$ salpingitis: Inflammation of a fallopian tube.
uter/o: Uterus $\rightarrow$ intrauterine: Pertaining to within the uterus.
vagin/o: Vagina $\rightarrow$ vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina.
vulv/o: Vulva $\rightarrow$ vulvitis: Inflammation of the vulva.
-arche: Beginning $\rightarrow$ menarche: Beginning of the menstrual period.
-cyesis: Pregnancy $\rightarrow$ pseudocyesis: False pregnancy.
-gravida: Pregnant woman $\rightarrow$ primigravida: Woman in her first pregnancy.
-para: To bear $\rightarrow$ multipara: Woman who has given birth more than once.
-partum: Childbirth $\rightarrow$ postpartum: After childbirth.
-salpinx: Fallopian tube $\rightarrow$ pyosalpinx: Pus in the fallopian tube.
-tocia: Labor $\rightarrow$ dystocia: Difficult labor.

Male Reproductive System Combining Forms and Suffixes

andr/o: Male $\rightarrow$ androgen: Male hormone.
balan/o: Glans penis $\rightarrow$ balanitis: Inflammation of the glans penis.
crypt/o: Hidden $\rightarrow$ cryptorchidism: Condition of an undescended testicle.
epididym/o: Epididymis $\rightarrow$ epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis.
genit/o: Organs of reproduction $\rightarrow$ genital: Pertaining to reproductive organs.
orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o: Testis $\rightarrow$ orchitis: Inflammation of a testis; orchiectomy: Surgical removal of a testicle; orchidopexy: Surgical fixation of an undescended testis.
pen/o: Penis $\rightarrow$ penile: Pertaining to the penis.
prostat/o: Prostate gland $\rightarrow$ prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland.
spermat/o: Sperm $\rightarrow$ spermatogenesis: Formation of sperm.
testicul/o: Testicle $\rightarrow$ testicular: Pertaining to the testicle.
vas/o: Vessel, duct $\rightarrow$ vasectomy: Surgical removal of the vas deferens.
vesicul/o: Seminal vesicle $\rightarrow$ vesiculitis: Inflammation of a seminal vesicle.
-cide: Agent that kills $\rightarrow$ spermicide: Agent that kills sperm.
-spermia: Condition of sperm $\rightarrow$ oligospermia: Condition of scanty sperm.

Urogenital Word Part Analysis

Menarche: men/o (menstruation) + -arche (beginning) $\rightarrow$ Beginning of menstruation.
Gynecology: gynec/o (women) + -logy (study of) $\rightarrow$ Study of women and women's health.
Intrauterine: intra- (within) + uter (uterus) + -ine (pertaining to) $\rightarrow$ Pertaining to within the uterus.
Neonatology: neo- (new) + nat/o (birth) + -logy (study of) $\rightarrow$ Study of new birth and newborns.
Carcinoma: carcin/o (cancer) + -oma (tumor) $\rightarrow$ Cancerous tumor.
Endometrial: endo- (within) + metri (uterus) + -al (pertaining to) $\rightarrow$ Pertaining to the inner lining of the uterus.
Menometrorrhagia: men/o (menstruation) + metr/o (uterus) + -rrhagia (excessive discharge) $\rightarrow$ Excessive discharge during menstruation and between periods.
Cystocele: cyst/o (bladder) + -cele (hernia, swelling) $\rightarrow$ Herniation of the bladder.
Endometriosis: endo- (within) + metri (uterus) + -osis (condition) $\rightarrow$ Abnormal condition where endometrial tissue appears outside the uterus throughout the pelvic cavity.
Hemolytic: hemo (blood) + -lytic (decomposition) $\rightarrow$ Decomposition of blood.
Hysterosalpingography: hyster/o (uterus) + salping/o (fallopian tube) + -graphy (recording) $\rightarrow$ Recording/X-ray of the fallopian tubes and uterus.
Mammography: mamm/o (breast) + -graphy (recording) $\rightarrow$ X-ray recording of the breast.
Culdocensestis / Culdoscopy: culd/o (cul-de-sac) + -scopy (visual examination) $\rightarrow$ Visual examination of the cul-de-sac.
Amniocentesis: amni/o (amnion) + -centesis (surgical puncture) $\rightarrow$ Surgical puncture to remove amniotic fluid.
Biopsy: bi/o (life) + -opsy (view of) $\rightarrow$ View of living tissue.
Episiotomy: episi/o (vulva) + -tomy (incision) $\rightarrow$ Incision of the vulva.
Hysterectomy: hyster/o (uterus) + -ectomy (surgical removal) $\rightarrow$ Surgical removal of the uterus.
Oophorectomy: oophor/o (ovary) + -ectomy (surgical removal) $\rightarrow$ Surgical removal of an ovary.
Spermatogenesis: spermat/o (sperm) + -genesis (formation) $\rightarrow$ Formation of sperm.
Cryptorchidism: crypt/o (hidden) + orchid (testis) + -ism (condition) $\rightarrow$ Condition of a hidden/undescended testicle.
Varicocele: varic/o (swollen/varicose veins) + -cele (hernia, swelling) $\rightarrow$ Hernial swollen veins in the spermatic cord/scrotum.
Vasovasostomy: $2\times$ vas/o (vessel) + -stomy (surgical opening) $\rightarrow$ Surgical opening and reconnection of 2 ends of the vas deferens.
Vasectomy: vas/o (vessel) + -ectomy (surgical removal) $\rightarrow$ Surgical removal of the vas deferens.
Transurethral: trans- (through) + urethr/o (urethra) + -al (pertaining to) $\rightarrow$ Pertaining to through the urethra.
Necrosis: necr/o (death) + -osis (condition) $\rightarrow$ Abnormal condition of tissue death.
Antibiotic: anti- (against) + bi/o (life) + -tic (pertaining to) $\rightarrow$ Pertaining to acting against life/bacteria.
Azotemia: azot/o (urea, nitrogen) + -emia (blood condition) $\rightarrow$ Nitrogenous waste in the blood.
Cystography: cyst/o (bladder) + -graphy (recording) $\rightarrow$ Recording/X-ray of the bladder.
Cystoscopy: cyst/o (bladder) + -scopy (visual examination) $\rightarrow$ Visual examination of the bladder.
Urography: ur/o (urinary tract) + -graphy (recording) $\rightarrow$ Recording of the urinary tract.
Glomerular: glomerul/o (glomerulus) + -ar (pertaining to) $\rightarrow$ Pertaining to the glomerulus.
Glomerulonephritis: glomerul/o (glomerulus) + nephr/o (kidney) + -itis (inflammation) $\rightarrow$ Inflammation of the glomeruli and kidney.
Hydronephrosis: hydro- (water) + nephr/o (kidney) + -osis (abnormal condition) $\rightarrow$ Abnormal condition of water/fluid build-up in the kidney.
Meatotomy: meat/o (meatus) + -tomy (incision) $\rightarrow$ Incision to enlarge the meatus.
Nephrolithotomy: nephr/o (kidney) + lith/o (stone) + -tomy (incision) $\rightarrow$ Incision into the kidney for stone removal.
Nephrology: nephr/o (kidney) + -logy (study of) $\rightarrow$ Study of the kidney.
Nephrotic: nephr/o (kidney) + -tic (pertaining to) $\rightarrow$ Pertaining to the kidney.
Neurogenic: neur/o (nerve) + -genic (produced by) $\rightarrow$ Produced by nerves.
Cystoplasty: cyst/o (bladder) + -plasty (surgical repair) $\rightarrow$ Surgical repair of the bladder.
Polycystic: poly- (many) + cyst (sac) + -ic (pertaining to) $\rightarrow$ Pertaining to many cysts.
Pyelonephritis: pyel/o (renal pelvis) + nephr/o (kidney) + -itis (inflammation) $\rightarrow$ Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney.
Retroperitoneal: retro- (behind) + peritone (peritoneum) + -al (pertaining to) $\rightarrow$ Pertaining to behind the peritoneum.
Uremia: ur/o (urinary tract waste) + -emia (blood condition) $\rightarrow$ Accumulation of urinary waste in the blood.
Urinalysis: urin/o (urine) + -lysis (analysis/separation) $\rightarrow$ Physical and chemical analysis of urine.
Cystourethrography: cyst/o (bladder) + urethr/o (urethra) + -graphy (recording) $\rightarrow$ Recording/X-ray of the bladder and urethra.

Urogenital Clinical Terms and Definitions

Amniotic fluid: Fluid floating around the fetus in the amniotic sac.
Balanorrhea: Discharge from the glans penis.
BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen): Blood test determining the level of urea in the blood.
Calculus: Another medical term for a stone.
Cervix: Narrow bottom region of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
Chlamydia: A bacterial sexually transmitted disease.
Chorion: Outer sac surrounding the fetus.
Circumcision: Surgical removal of the prepuce (foreskin).
Creatinine clearance: A lab procedure testing overall kidney function.
Cystopexy: Surgical fixation of the bladder.
Cystoscope: Instrument used to visually examine inside the bladder.
Diabetic nephropathy: Damage to glomerular capillaries caused by diabetes.
Ectopic pregnancy: Pregnancy occurring outside the uterus.
Embryo: Early stage of human development ending at the second month.
Epididymis: Tubule where sperm mature and are stored.
Frequency: Feeling the urge to urinate more often than normal.
Hesitancy: Difficulty initiating the flow of urine.
Hydrocele: Accumulation of fluid within the scrotum.
Nulligravida: Term meaning a woman with no pregnancies.
Obstetricians: Physicians who specialize in pregnancy and childbirth.
Ovulation: Release of an ovum from the ovary.
Phimosis: Narrowing of the prepuce of the glans penis.
Primipara: Term meaning first birth.
Pyuria: Presence of pus in the urine.
Retrograde pyelogram: X-ray of the urinary tract using dye injected retrogradely.
Scrotum: Sac in which testicles are suspended outside the body.
Spontaneous abortion: Miscarriage.
Stillbirth: Death of a viable-aged fetus.
Testicular cancer: Cancer commonly seen in young men or boys.
Urgency: Feeling the need to urinate immediately.
Urinary incontinence (Enuresis): Involuntary release of urine.
Vagina: Female internal organ also called the birth canal.
Vulva: Term for external female genitalia.

Medical Term Synthesis and Reference Solutions

Word Building Practice

aden/o (gland) + -pathy (disease) $\rightarrow$ adenopathy: Disease of a gland.
gastr/o (stomach) + -algia (pain) $\rightarrow$ gastralgia: Stomach pain.
gynec/o (woman) + -logy (study of) $\rightarrow$ gynecology: Study of women's health.
nephr/o (kidney) + -ectomy (surgical removal) $\rightarrow$ nephrectomy: Surgical removal of a kidney.
pan- (all) + cardi/o (heart) + -itis (inflammation) $\rightarrow$ pancarditis: Inflammation of the entire heart.

Word Breakdown Practice

Rhinorrhea: rhin/o (nose) + -rrhea (discharge) $\rightarrow$ Discharge from the nose.
Carcinogenic: carcin/o (cancer) + -genic (producing) $\rightarrow$ Producing cancer.
Otoscope: ot/o (ear) + -scope (instrument for viewing) $\rightarrow$ Instrument for examining the ear.
Hypertrophy: hyper- (above, excessive) + -trophy (development/growth) $\rightarrow$ Excessive growth/development.
Epigastric: epi- (upon, above) + gastr/o (stomach) + -ic (pertaining to) $\rightarrow$ Pertaining to above the stomach.

Medical Term Synthesis List

Surgical removal of tonsils $\rightarrow$ tonsillectomy
Study of the lungs $\rightarrow$ pulmonology
Pertaining to within the skull $\rightarrow$ intracranial
Study of nerves $\rightarrow$ neurology
Surgical repair of the skull $\rightarrow$ cranioplasty
Instrument for viewing the bronchus $\rightarrow$ bronchoscope
Inflammation of the tonsils $\rightarrow$ tonsillitis
Inflammation of nerves $\rightarrow$ neuritis
Pertaining to within the lungs $\rightarrow$ intrapulmonary
Surgical repair of a bronchus $\rightarrow$ bronchoplasty

Urinary System Crossword Solution Diagram

Crossword and Unscramble Key Solutions

Urinary System Crossword Solutions:
- Across 3: ANTIBIOTIC (Medication used to treat bacterial infections)
- Across 4: PYELOGRAM (Retrograde pyelogram is an X-ray of urinary tract using dye)
- Across 6: PYELONEPHRITIS (Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney)
- Across 9: POLYCYSTIC (Polycystic kidneys have multiple cysts)
- Across 10: UREA (A BUN tests for the level of urea in the blood)
- Across 11: OLIGURIA (Scanty amount of urine)
- Across 12: CYSTOSCOPE (Instrument used to visually examine inside bladder)
- Down 1: URGENCY (Need to urinate immediately)
- Down 2: URINALYSIS (Laboratory test to examine urine)
- Down 5: LITHOTRIPSY (Surgical procedure to crush a stone)
- Down 7: ENURESIS (Another term for urinary incontinence)
- Down 8: PYURIA (Term meaning pus in the urine)
Female Reproductive System Crossword Solutions:
- Across 4: OVULATION (Release of ovum from ovary)
- Across 7: EMBRYO (Early stage of human development, ends at second month)
- Across 10: PRIMIPARA (Term meaning first birth)
- Across 11: CHORION (Outer sac around the fetus)
- Across 12: VAGINA (Organ also called birth canal)
- Down 1: VULVA (Term meaning external genitalia)
- Down 2: MISCARRIAGE (Another term for spontaneous abortion)
- Down 3: ENDOMETRIOSIS (Endometrial tissue appears throughout pelvic cavity)
- Down 5: AMNION (Inner sac around the fetus)
- Down 6: NULLIGRAVIDA (Term meaning no pregnancies)
- Down 8: RECTOCELE (Herniation of rectum into vagina)
- Down 9: CERVIX (Narrow region of uterus, opens into vagina)
Male Reproductive System Crossword Solutions:
- Across 1: CRYPTORCHIDISM (Another term for undescended testicle)
- Across 3: CIRCUMCISION (Surgical removal of prepuce)
- Across 5: VARICOCELE (Varicose veins in scrotal veins)
- Across 8: HYDROCELE (Accumulation of fluid within scrotum)
- Across 9: SCROTUM (Testes are suspended outside body in scrotum)
- Across 10: EPIDIDYMIS (Tubule system where sperm mature)
- Down 2: VASOVASOSTOMY (Surgical reconnection of vas deferens)
- Down 4: IMPOTENCE (Inability to produce or maintain an erection)
- Down 6: STERILITY (Inability to reproduce)
- Down 7: PHIMOSIS (Narrowing of prepuce)