Ionic solids

• Ionic solids will form crystalline structures due to the strong electrostatic forces between the positively and negatively charged ions. It will take the shape that maximizes Coulombic forces.

Alloys

-combining of two or more metallic elements

Substitutional alloy

• Atoms of similar radii

• One atom substitutes foranother in the crystal lattice, maintaining the overall structure and properties of the alloy.

Interstitial alloy

• Atoms of different radii

• smaller atoms fill the spaces between larger atoms

• This type of alloy can enhance certain properties, such as strength and hardness, due to the presence of these smaller atoms.