AP World History Vocabulary Review

Unit 1: The Global Tapestry (8-10% of Exam Score)

  • Vocabulary:
    • Feudalism: Political and economic system where land was traded for military service and loyalty (Europe and Japan).
    • Serfdom: Form of labor where peasants were tied to the land they worked on for a lord in exchange for protection.
    • Decentralized Government: Political system where local leaders have more power than a central power.
    • Caliphate: Islamic state led by a caliph, political/religious successor to Muhammad.
    • Dar-al-Islam: "House of Islam," regions where Muslims could practice freely.
    • Confucianism: Chinese philosophy including hierarchy, respect for elders, and proper behavior to benefit society.
    • Filial Piety: Confucian belief of respecting and honoring elders.
    • Civil Service Exam: Open to anyone, political position in society based on Confucian principles and merit.
    • Tributary System: Smaller countries support larger countries in trade, usually for protection.
    • Champa Rice: Fast-ripening, drought-resistant rice from Vietnam that increased production in China.
    • Bhakti Movement: A Hindu religious movement emphasizing devotion to a personal god and rejecting caste distinctions.
    • Sufism: Mystical form of Islam focused on individual search of God and spiritual connection.
    • Srivijaya Empire: Wealthy maritime empire in Southeast Asia that controlled trade routes; Hindu and Buddhist.
    • Vijayanagara Empire: A powerful Hindu kingdom in South India that resisted Muslim invasions.

Song Dynasty in China

  • Confucianism, civil service, gunpowder, printing.
  • 960-1279.
  • Paper money, gunpowder, and the compass were developed.
  • Buddhism came to China through the Silk Road.
  • Neo-Confucianism rose in Song China as a response to the rise of Buddhism.
  • Song China was the most urbanized land in the world.

Dar-al-Islam (1200-1450)

  • Science, math, trade networks (Baghdad, Cordoba).
  • Islamic states, cultural and technological diffusion.
  • Islamic world became a center of learning and innovation, particularly in fields like mathematics, medicine, and astronomy.
  • Facilitated the diffusion of ideas and technologies across Asia, Africa, and Europe.
  • Islam connects to China through the Silk Road, allowing for interaction between the two.
  • The following groups established their own Muslim empires after attacking and destroying the once-unified Abbasid Caliphate: Mamluk Empire.

South and Southeast Asia

  • Hinduism, Buddhism, Bhakti (India)/Sufi (Islamic) movements.
  • South and Southeast Asia are decentralized, with many different forms of government.
  • Spread of Hinduism and Buddhism.
  • Heavily influenced by trade relationships with surrounding regions.
  • Islam greatly influenced the region.
  • Spread of religion through trade routes.
  • Sufism is a minority section of Islam.
  • Bhakti is a minority movement of Hinduism.
  • Buddhist monasticism is a minority of Buddhism.
  • Lower castes formed these movements.

State Building in Africa

  • Hinduism and Buddhism spread, especially through trade.
  • Bhakti movement (emotional devotion) & Sufi Islam (mysticism).
  • Khmer Empire & Srivijaya became maritime trade powers.

Europe

  • Feudalism: King, nobles, vassals, peasants (serfs).
  • Serfs had few rights.
  • Estates given to vassals called fiefs (manors).

Americas

  • The Aztecs: trade and sacrifice.
  • The Inca.
  • The Maya.

UNIT 2: Networks of Exchange (8-10% of Exam Score)

  • Vocab
    • Silk Roads: A network of trade routes connecting East Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, famous for silk, spices, and cultural exchange.
    • Caravanserai: Roadside inns along trading routes where travelers and their animals could rest.
    • Paper Money: Currency in China, facilitated trade, reduced carrying metal coins.
    • Banking Houses: Where merchants can store money, receive credit, or exchange currency.
    • Credit: Goods could be bought with a promise of future payment.
    • Bills of Exchange: A written order used in trade that promised payment at a later date, an early form of a check.
    • Monsoon Winds: Seasonal winds that shaped trade patterns in the Indian Ocean, making ocean travel faster.
    • Diasporic Communities: Settlements of people living outside of their homelands, keeping their traditions and influencing others with them.
    • Indian-Ocean Trade: A key maritime trade network connecting East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
    • Trans-Saharan Trade: Trade across the Sahara Desert, involving gold, salt, slaves, West Africa, North Africa, and the Islamic world.
    • Camel Saddle: Used camels to carry heavy loads across the desert, increasing long-distance trade.
    • Luxury Goods: High-value items like silk, porcelain, and spices that were heavily traded across long distances.

Silk Roads (1200 to 1600 - Reign of Mongols)

  • Luxury goods (SILK, porcelain, paper, military technologies, religions, food).
  • Camel caravans.
  • Cities like Samarkand (+caravanserais).
  • Connected China to the Mediterranean.

Mongol Empire

  • Genghis Khan.
  • Pax Mongolica.
  • Protected trade.
  • Powerful horsemen, archery.
  • Large empire.
  • Khan dies = hordes or khanates.
  • Great diffusers of culture.
  • Brought the world together.

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

  • Gold-salt trade.
  • Spread of Islam.
  • Africa and the Islamic empire.

Indian Ocean Trade Network

  • Monsoon winds.
  • Dhow ships (more resilient to the large waves common in waters).
  • Trade cities (Kilwa, Calicut).
  • Persians and Arabs.
  • Culture Mixing began.

Impact of Trade on Cities and Technology

  • Islamic world: paper mills, universities, astrolabe and sextant, algebra, chess, modern soap formula, guns and cannons, mechanical pendulum clock, distilled alcohol, surgical instruments.
  • China: gunpowder cannons, movable type, paper currency, porcelain, terrace farming, water-powered mills, cotton sails, water clock, magnetic compass, state-run factories.
  • URBANIZATION: developed along trade routes.

Cultural and Environmental Consequences of Trade

  • Cultural Diffusion.
  • Religions and languages spread.
  • Literature, art, and ideas spread.
  • Disease and plague sometimes spread (bubonic plague).

UNIT 3: Land Based Empires (12-15% of Exam Score)

  • Vocab
    • Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal empires used gunpowder weapons to expand/control territories.
    • Ottoman Empire: A powerful Islamic empire in modern-day Turkey that controlled parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
    • Safavid Empire: A Shi’a Muslim empire in Persia (modern-day Iran) that often clashed with Sunni neighbors.
    • Mughal Empire: Muslim empire in South Asia known for religious tolerance and monumental architecture (like the Taj Mahal).
    • Divine Right: When rulers claim God called them to rule, giving them a 'reason' to be in rule.
    • Absolutism: Ruler holds total power, often used with divine right.
    • Zamindars: Local officials in the Mughal empire, collected taxes and controlled small territories.
    • Tax Farming: Private individuals collect taxes for the state, often leading to corruption.
    • Devshirme: Ottoman empire took Christian boys, converted them to Islam and trained them for military or bureaucratic service.
    • Janissaries: Elite infantry units of the Ottoman Empire, often Christian boys from the devshirme system.
    • Shi'a Islam: Branch of Islam, believes leadership should stay in Muhammad's family.
    • Sunni Islam: Largest branch of Islam believes leadership should be chosen by the Muslim community.
    • Monumental Architecture: Large architecture used to show wealth/power of an empire.

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Qing Empires

  • Ottoman (Sunni Islam), Constantinople (capital), gave land (timars) to aristocrats ottoman officials, devshirme.
  • Safavid (Shia Islam), military conquest.
  • Mughal (India, religious tolerance), united almost the entire subcontinent, Zamindars (land owners) = tax collectors, eliminated the Jizya.

Expansion and Centralization of Power

  • Bureaucracies.
  • Tax collection.
  • New tech, new ideas of governing and new forms of economic organization to become dominant world powers.
  • Competition/rivalry.
  • Demands for goods and services increased.

Use of Religion, Art, and Architecture to Legitimize Power

  • Art.
  • Monuments.
  • Religion - Divine right, Indulgences (buying your way to heaven), Martin Luther (monk against).

UNIT 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (12-15% of Exam Score)

  • Vocab
    • Caravel: Small fast ship used by European explorers, long-distance ocean travel.
    • Astrolabe: Navigation tool to determine position based on the stars.
    • Lateen Sail: Triangular sail used to move more effectively with the wind.
    • Mercantilism: Theory that a country's power depended on their wealth, balance of trade.
    • Joint-Stock Companies: Businesses owned through shareholders that funded the company.
    • Columbian Exchange: Transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the old and new world.
    • Encomienda System: Labor system in Spanish colonies where Native Americans work for 'protection'.
    • Hacienda System: Large estate system in Spanish colonies that relied on coerced labor from Indigenous people and later enslaved Africans.
    • Chattel Slavery: Individuals treated like property to be sold, bought, and inherited.
    • Middle Passage: Horrific sea voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the Americas as part of the Atlantic slave trade.
    • Indentured Servitude: People worked for a period in exchange for a passage to America.
    • Casta System: A social hierarchy in the Americas based on race and ancestry, introduced by Spanish colonizers.
    • Creoles: People of European descent born in the Americas.
    • Mestizos: People of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry.
    • Mulattoes: People of mixed African and European ancestry.

Age of Exploration

  • Portugal led the way (Cape of Good Hope(around Africa to India - Vasco de Gama)).
  • Spain - 1492 Christopher Columbus - America.
  • England and France join acquiring colonies and conquering new lands.

Columbian Exchange

  • Transatlantic transfer of things across the New world to old world.
  • Diseases, crops, animals, people, technology, ideas.
  • Atlantic: Horses, pigs, goats, chili peppers, and sugarcane; bubonic plague, smallpox, typhoid, influenza.
  • American side: squash, beans, corn, potatoes, and cacao; Chagas and syphilis.
  • SUGAR and SILVER: development of plantations, increased need for enslaved or forced labor.

Maritime Empires

  • Goa
  • Ormuz
  • Malacca
  • Mombasa
  • Maluku Islands
  • Macau
  • Nagasaki
  • Diu
  • Cochin
  • Colombo

Encomienda, Hacienda, and Plantation Systems

  • E-hierarchical organization, Peninsulares (Spanish officials), creoles (people born in colonies, Spanish parents) mestizos (European + native), mulattos (European + African); viceroys (appointed governors of each of the five regions of New Spain) Established system of forced labor.- specific number of natives, had to protect them and convert them to Christianity.

Atlantic Slave Trade and its Consequences

  • Europeans traded guns and other goods to African leaders in exchange for their surplus enslaved people.
  • 13 million taken from the African continent; 60% to South America, 35% to the Caribbean, 5% to North America, Mortality rates 20%.
  • MIDDLE PASSAGE - how they got them from Africa.

Cultural Bending and Resistance

  • Atlantic Slave Trade: middle passage, plantations.
  • Mercantilism: Not to import more than exported, dependent on other countries=weak, colonies give mother country raw resources, created new markets.
  • New religions: Vodun, Sikhism, syncretism.
  • Joint-stock companies- pool resources of many merchants, lowering costs and risks of colonization, reducing risks for individual investors.

Continuity and Change in Global Trade

  • Sailing, mercantilism, and private investment changed the global economy.
  • Connectivity caused by sailing.
  • Joint stock put more power in the hands of people and private sectors.
  • Governments began to lose control on their own economies.

UNIT 5: Revolutions (12-15% OF EXAM SCORE)

  • Vocab
    • Enlightenment: An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and rights.
    • Natural Rights: Basic rights (life, liberty, prosperity) that governments should protect (John Locke).
    • Social Contract: People give up some freedom to a government for the protection of rights.
    • Popular Sovereignty: Political power comes from the will of the people.
    • Nationalism: Pride in a nation or ethnic group, leading to unification or independence movements.
    • Liberalism: civil liberty, democracy, and free-market economics.
    • Abolitionism: Movement to end freedom.
    • Feminism: Advocacy for equal rights for women.
    • American Revolution: The colonial revolt against British rule (1775–1783), inspired by Enlightenment ideals.
    • French Revolution: revolution against the monarchy in France (1789–1799), led to the rise of Napoleon.
    • Haitian Revolution: successful slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading to the first Black republic (1804).
    • Latin American Revolutions: uprisings against Spanish colonial rule in the early 1800s.
    • Industrialization: Development of machine production of goods.
    • Factory System: production using machinery and division and labor.
    • Urbanization: growth of cities caused by industrialization.
    • Capitalism: private individuals own businesses and operate for profit.
    • Socialism: means of production are owned by the state or collectively to ensure equality.
    • Communism: radical form of socialism, classless society, state ownership of ALL property

Enlightenment Ideas and their Global Influence

  • Focused on the role of humankind in relation to government.
  • Challenged the absolute authority of the pope.
  • Challenged divine right with social contracts and the idea that the government supports the people, not the other way around.
  • Social and economic needs of the people.
  • Locke (natural rights) - all men were born equal to one another and had natural and unalienable rights to life, liberty, and property.
  • Rousseau - all men were equal, and that society should be organized according to the general will, or majority rule, of the people an idea he outlined in his famous work The Social Contract.
  • Voltaire - espoused the idea of religious toleration.
  • Montesquieu - Argued for separation of powers among branches of government.

American, French, Haitian, and Latin American Revolutions

  • American (1776) - "no taxation without representation", enlightenment inspired it, Thomas Paine - Common Sense, French gave to the cause.
  • French (1789) - France war debts, involved in every major war both in Europe and abroad, Declaration of the rights of man.
  • Haitian (Toussaint Louverture) - first successful Latin American revolt, slave revolt, French colony.
  • Latin American (Bolívar, San Martín) - ejected Bonaparte's governor putting in their own leader, (1811) Bolivar helped establish a national congress.

Nationalism and Unification Movements

  • Unification of Germany: Otto von Bismark - prime minister with the aim of building the military and consolidating the region under its authority.
  • AFTER: quickly industrialized; NATIONALISM.
  • Philippines - propaganda movement.
  • Puerto Rico - Lola Rodriguez de Tio.
  • Balkans - national independence as Ottomans weakened.
  • Maori - resisted British rule.

Industrial Revolution

  • Advanced military weapons.
  • Access to raw materials (colonies).
  • Textiles.
  • Steam engine.
  • Urbanization.
  • The factory system- interchangeable parts, assembly line.

Capitalism, Socialism, Marxism

  • Capitalism vs. Socialism
  • Capitalism - Free-market system (laissez-faire), social classes (wealthy class small, poorest class huge), factory owners gain wealth quickly.
  • Marxism & socialism - Karl Marx + Friedrich Engels, get rid of class system, everything run by the state.

Reforms and Resistance

  • US believed that capitalism could be fixed (reforms) while Russia believed it was all bad so they should scrap it entirely.

UNIT 6: Consequences of Industrialization (12-15% of Exam Score)

  • Vocab
    • Imperialism: extending a country's power through conquest, colonialization, or control.
    • Colonialism: acquiring and exploiting colonies.
    • White Man’s Burden: A racist justification for imperialism suggesting Europeans had a duty to civilize others.
    • Social Darwinism: The belief that some societies are stronger and had the right to dominate the weaker ones.
    • Berlin Conference: A meeting in 1884–1885 where European powers divided Africa without African input.
    • Opium Wars: Conflicts between Britain and China over trade and China’s sovereignty, leading to unequal treaties.
    • Spheres of Influence: areas of where foreign powers had power to trade or influence (seen especially in china)
    • Indentured Labor: contracted laborers that work in exchange for food, land, or passage.
    • Ethnic Enclaves: immigrant communities that maintained their cultural identity in foreign countries.
    • Cash Crops: crops grown to make money instead of substance.
    • Economic Imperialism: When a country uses economic means to control another region (e.g., via loans, trade dependence).

Imperialism

  • British Raj in India, Dutch in Indonesia.
  • Countries used colonies for their resources.
  • Social Darwinism - whites are superior.
  • White Man's Burden - their duty to industrialize the 'lesser' countries.

Colonization in Africa and Asia

  • Indian national congress - path toward independence.
  • Scramble for Africa.
  • Slave trade ends.
  • Berlin Conference.

Social, Political, and Cultural Effects of Empire

  • Migration: indentured servitude, diaspora communities.
  • Increase in urbanization/industrialization.

Responses to Imperialism

  • Resistance: Zulu, Ethiopia, Sepoy Rebellion.

UNIT 7: Global Conflict (8-10% of Exam Score)

  • Vocab
    • Total War: Conflict where all a country's resources were involved, civilians were targeted.
    • Trench Warfare: form of WWI fighting with deep ditches and little movement.
    • Treaty of Versailles: The peace treaty that ended WWI and blamed Germany, leading to WWII.
    • League of Nations: An international organization formed after WWI to promote peace—ultimately unsuccessful.
    • Great Depression: A global economic crisis in the 1930s caused by stock market collapse and trade failures.
    • Fascism: promotes extreme nationalism and authoritarian rule.
    • Communist Revolution: The overthrow of capitalism in favor of socialism/communism (e.g., Russian Revolution 1917).
    • Decolonization: Process of former colonies gaining independence after WWII.
    • Cold War: Geopolitical rivalry between the U.S. and USSR (1947–1991), marked by proxy wars and nuclear tension.
    • Non-Aligned Movement: Countries that did not formally align with either the U.S. or USSR during the Cold War.

Causes and Effects of WW1 and WW2

  • Europe, everyone around the world was connected to the instability on the small but powerful continent.
  • Alliance forming.
  • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (1880).
  • Bismark had a pact with Russia.
  • Archduke Franz Ferdinand - Assassination.
  • Central Powers - Ottoman Empire, Germany, Austria-Hungary.
  • Bombing of pearl harbor - caused US to join WWII.

Treaty of Versailles, Rise of Totalitarian Regimes

  • Brought an official end to WWI.
  • Focused on establishing future peace and a workable balance of power.
  • Justify the human and financial cost and duration of the war.
  • The League of Nations: tried to preserve peace, failed.
  • Rise of the socialist party (Bolsheviks) with Vladimir Lenin (Marxist leader).
  • Joseph Stalin + five-year plan; totalitarian.

Decolonialization Movements

  • Ghana’s Independence (1957): Led by Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana became the first Sub-Saharan African country to gain independence from Britain.
  • Congo’s Independence (1960): Gained independence from Belgium; political instability followed.
  • Indian Independence Movement (1857–1947): Led by figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, India gained independence from Britain in 1947 (along with the creation of Pakistan).

Great Depression and its Global Impact

  • France and Germany: relied on American Credit.
  • US stock market crash in October 1929 = The Great Depression.
  • US + Germany were hit the hardest.
  • One-third of the available workforce was unemployed.

UNIT 8: Cold War and Decolonialization (8-10% of Exam Score)

  • Vocab
    • Proxy wars: Conflicts between major powers without direct engagement
    • Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD): Both sides would be definitively destroyed with atomic weapons leading to the agreement to not use them.
    • NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization: military alliance of western powers during the cold war
    • Warsaw Pact: Soviets version of NATO, communist alliance
    • Civil Disobedience: Non-violent protesting, peaceful resistance to unjust laws
    • Partition of India: The 1947 division of British India into Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan.
    • Pan-Africanism: Movement to unify and decolonialize Africa
    • Zionism: the desire of Jews to be in their home country (Palestine/Israel)

Ideological Conflict: Capitalism vs. Communism

  • Capitalism: Free-market, private property, individual freedoms/democracy.
  • Communism - government controlled economy, equally shared property, one party rule.
  • USA VS SOVIET UNION.
  • Important Factors: Iron curtain, Proxy wars, arms race.

Non-alignment and Third World Movements

  • Kwame Nkrumah - Gold Coast (Ghana) - organized the first non-aligned movement summit in 1961, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
  • Sukarno - Indonesia, founding members of the non-aligned movement, hosted the 1955 Bandung conference in Indonesia.
  • Jawaharlal Nehru - India, founding members of the non-aligned movement,1961 he hosted first non-aligned movement summit in 1961, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.

Decolonialization Efforts

  • India - gained independence from British rule on August 15, 1947, Non-violent
  • Gold Coast - Gained freedom from British rule on March 6, 1957, first sub-Saharan African country, non-violent
  • French West Africa - negotiations/agreements in 1958-1960, non-violent
  • Vietnam - Gained independence from French in 1954, armed struggle
  • Egypt - gained independence from Britain in 1922, armed struggle
  • Algeria - gained independence from France in 1962, armed struggle

Global Resistance to Imperialism

  • Mohandas Gandhi - Indian nationalist leader, Indian independence, non-violent civil disobedience.
  • Martin Luther King Jr. - American Baptist minister and civil rights activist, played a key role in American civil rights movement, I have a dream speech, non-violent resistance.
  • Nelson Mandela - Anti-apartheid movement in south Africa, member of the African National Congress (ANC), first black president of South Africa in 1994, non-violent
  • Abimael Guzman: Peruvian communist revolutionary and leader of the Shining Path guerrilla, violent
  • Irish Republican Army IRA: paramilitary organization that has operated in various forms since the 20th century, violent resistance
  • Basque Homeland and Freedom ETA: separatist organization founded in 1959, goal of establishing an independent Basque state in Norther Spain and Southwest France

UNIT 9: Globalization (8-10% of Exam Score)

  • Vocab
    • Globalization: increasing connectivity of world regions through trade, technology, and culture
    • Multinational Corporations: Companies that work in many countries
    • Green Revolution: Agricultural advancements (pesticides, GMOs) that increased food production, especially in developing nations.
    • Climate Change: Long-term changes in Earth’s climate due to human activity, such as fossil fuel use
    • Digital Revolution: The shift to digital technology, including computers, the internet, and communication tools.
    • Human Rights Movements: Global campaigns to protect individuals’ freedoms (e.g., women’s rights, LGBTQ+ rights).
    • United Nations (UN): An international body created after WWII to promote peace, security, and cooperation.
    • World Trade Organization (WTO): An organization that regulates international trade and resolves disputes.

Advances in Science and Technology

  • Communication - Radio, TV, telephones, social media, satellite communications, video conferencing/streaming
  • Energy - Petroleum, natural gas, nuclear power, solar power, wind power, hydroelectric power
  • Transportation - commercial airplanes, cargo planes, huge ships that carry shipping containers
  • Agriculture - Cross-breeding and genetic engineering
  • Medicine - antibiotics, vaccines, birth control.

Environmental Impacts and Climate Change

  • Urbanization, agriculture, expansion, logging, rapid building of infrastructure - Deforestation - loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, water cycle disruption, social and economic impacts on local communities that rely on the forests
  • Deforestation, overgrazing, soil degradation from agriculture - Desertification - loss of biodiversity, loss of fertile soil, water scarcity, economic impacts on local communities
  • Urbanization, increased transportation, industrialization, increased mass agriculture - Poor Air Quality - increase in lung-related problems in humans, produces environmental problems like acid rain and smog
  • Urbanization, rapidly growing population, increased agriculture, poor water management - strained water supply - water scarcity, conflicts over-water supply, increase in water-born disease like cholera, degradation of aquatic ecosystems
  • Burning of fossil fuels, industrial processes, deforestation, increased agriculture - Rising Global Temperatures - Loss of Biodiversity, sea level rise, changes in weather patterns.

Economic Globalization

  • US - Ronald Reagan - reducing government regulation and taxes=economic growth, policies included tax cuts, deregulation of industries, and a shift towards free-market capitalism.
  • UK - Margaret thatcher - Thatcherism aimed to reduce government intervention in the economy, privatize state-owned industries, and promote free-market capitalism. Tax cuts, deregulation, and a focus on controlling inflation
  • Chile - Augusto Pinochet - aimed to reduce government intervention in the economy, privatization, state-owned industries, and promote free-market capitalism. Liberalization of trade, privatization of key industries, and fiscal austerity measures
  • China - Deng Xiaoping - "socialism with Chinese characteristics" aimed to modernize the Chinese economy by introducing market-oriented reforms, encouraging foreign investment, and promoting entrepreneurship. Decentralization of economic decision-making, opening up of trade and investment, and establishment of special economic zones.

Social Movements

  • Women Voting Rights - ranging from 1893 (New Zealand) - 2015 (Saudi Arabia)
  • Establishment of the Caste reservation system in India - started with the constitution of India in 1950,
  • Tiananmen Square protest - pro-democracy movement in Beijing, China in 1989, led to student protest
  • Green Belt Movement - environmental organization founded in Kenya in 1977 (Wangari Maathai)

Cultural Exchanges and Pop Culture

  • Globalized art - Jazz, cubism, stream-of-consciousness writing, pop art graffiti, street art, performance art, minimalism, digital art
  • Globalized Sports - World cup (FIFA), Olympics, NBA
  • Globalized communication - Radio, TV, telephones/cell phones, social media, satellite, communications, video conferencing/streaming
  • Globalized Belief Systems - Missionary work, Scientology, Hare Krishna movement, interfaith dialogue, religious pilgrimage
  • Globalized commerce - Global brands: Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Nike. Multinational corps, global supply chains, free trade agreements, e-commerce, tourism industry, etc.