COLLEGE PHYSICS

·       Simple Harmonic Motion

-          the type of vibratory motion in which the acceleration is proportional to the displacement and always directed toward the equilibrium position

·       Period

-          Is the time required for one complete Oscillation

·       Frequency

-          is the number of complete oscillations per unit time

·       Amplitude

-           is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position

-          Is equal to the radius of the reference circle

·       Phase Angle

-          the angle wt expresses the relationship when we see that the three quantities do not reach corresponding parts of their values at the same time.

·       Potential Energy

-          Is the scalar product of the average applied force and the displacement

-          Is maximum for the greatest displacement

·       Simple Pendulum

-          A pendulum consisting of a small relatively heavy bob at the end of a very light string

·       The center of Percussion/ Center of Oscillation

-          Any compound pendulum vibrates as if its mass were concentrated at one point

·       Moment of Torsion

-          Is the ratio of the torque to the angle of twist produced by that torque

-          It depends upon the length, diameter, and material of the rod or wire

·       Simple Angular Harmonic Motion

-          The motion when the pendulum is released, the restoring torque produces an angular acceleration proportional to the angular displacement

·       Periodic Motion

-          Is that motion in which a body moves back and forth over a fixed path, repeating over and over a fixed series of motions and returning to each position and velocity after a definite interval of time

·       Compound (physical) pendulum

-          Has a support which is not massless and therefore enters into the determination of the period which is given by the equation

·       Resonance

-          Occurs when a periodic driving force is impressed upon a system whose natural frequency of vibration is the same as that of the driving force

·       Absolute Zero

-          All matter, whether solid, liquid, or gas, consists of molecules that are in motion when above a zero-activity reference temperature

·       Density

-          The mass per unit volume of a substance

·       Weight-density

-          Is commonly use when we are concerned with effect depending upon force, while density is used when mass is to be considered

-          Is weight per unit volume

·       Specific Gravity/Relative Density

-          Is the ratio of its density to that of some standard substance

·       Pressure

-          The normal force per unit area

-          Exists at every point within the liquid

·       Mean Free Path

-          Is defined as the average distance a molecule moves before colliding with another molecule in that piece of matter

-          Is generally smallest in solids, larger in liquids, and largest in gases.

·       Pascal’s law

-          States that an external pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure at every point in the fluid by an amount equal to the external pressure

·       Boyle’s law

-          States that if the temperature of a confined gas is unchanged, the product of the pressure and volume Is constant

·       Archimede’s principle

-          States that a body wholly or partly submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced

·       Surface Tension

-          The surface of a liquid

-          It is expressed as the force per unit length of the surface film

·       The rate of flow of a liquid through a pipe is usually measured as the volume that passes a certain cross section per unit time

·       Fluid Friction

-          Is measured in terms of the coefficient of viscosity

·       Coefficient of Viscosity

-          Is defined as the ratio of the tangential force per unit area of surface to the velocity gradient between two planes of fluid in laminar flow

·       Airfoil

-          Is any surface designed to obtain a reacting force from the air through which it moves

THERMAL EXPANSION

·       The temperature of an object is that property which determines the direction of flow of heat between it and its surroundings

·       Thermal Equilibrium

-          Exists when there is no net transfer of heat between two objects

·       Thermometer Scale

-          Is established by choosing a simple relation between a measurable physical property and temperature

·       A thermometric property of matter

-          Is a property that varies predictably with an increase or decrease in heat energy

·       Expansivity

-          Is the fractional change (in length or in volume) per degree change in temperature

·       The expansion of a material is equal to the product of the expansivity, the original size (length or volume), and the temperature change.

·       Heat

-          Is a form of energy, associated with the kinetic energy of the random motion of large numbers of molecules.

·       The internal energy of an ideal gas

-          Is energy arising from the random or disorders motion of many particles

·       The internal energy of a system of particles may be either ordered or disordered, or perhaps both

·       Thermal Energy

-          The disordered internal energy of a system

·       Calorie

-          Is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1g of water 1C

·       The British Thermal Unit

-          Is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1lb of water 1F

·       The first law of thermodynamics

-          States that the total energy in a closed is constant

·       The heat of fusion

-          Is the heat per unit mass required to change a substance from solid to liquid at its melting point

·       The heat of vaporization

-          Is the heat per unit mass required to change a substance from liquid to vapor

·       The heat of fusion of ice is approximately 80cal/g, or 144Btu/lb

·       The heat of vaporization of water at its normal boiling point is approximately 540cal/g, or 970Btu/lb

·       The boiling point of a liquid

-          Is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid

·       The boiling point of a liquid is raised by an increase in pressure

·       The Freezing point of water and of the few other materials which expand on freezing is lowered by an increase in pressure

·       The triple point

-          Is the condition of pressure and temperature at which the three phases can coexist in equilibrium

·       The critical point

-          Is the condition of pressure and temperature at which a liquid and its vapor are indistinguishable

·       The critical temperature

-          Is the highest temperature at which a gas can be liquefied by pressure alone

·       Absolute Humidity

-          Is the mass of water vapor per unit volume of air

·       Specific Humidity

-          Is the mass of water vapor per unit mass of air

·       Relative humidity

-          Is defined as the ratio of the actual vapor pressure to the saturated vapor pressure at that temperature

·       The cloud chamber and the bubble chamber are two instruments which may be used to study nuclear events and which depend on a phase change to operate

·       The Dew Point

-          Is the temperature to which the air must be cooled, at constant pressure, to produce saturation.

·       Heat

-          Is the most common form of energy

·       The three ways in which heat may be transferred from one place to another are conduction, convection, and radiation absorption

·       Conduction

-          Is heat transfer from molecule to molecule through a body or through bodies in contact

·       Temperature Gradient