European Colonization: Key Points for Exam

Page 1 — Essential Question

• Essential Question: How did European colonization impact the cultural identities and interactions between colonizers and indigenous peoples, and what were the long-term effects on cultural exchange, assimilation, and resistance?

Page 2 — New Spain

• Christopher Columbus opened the way for European exploration and colonization

• Conquistadors: $de\,Leon,\; Cortez,\; Pizarro$

• St. Augustine founded in $1565$ as the first North American settlement (Florida)

• Spanish wealth from minerals: gold\; &\; silver

• Spanish minority controlled the majority of Native and African groups

Page 3 — Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

• Spain and Portugal divided newly discovered lands

• Line of demarcation: lands to the east to Portugal; lands to the west to Spain

• Omitted other European powers; they generally ignored the treaty

Page 4 — Black Legend

• Biased historical writing portraying natives as inhuman

• Key figures: $Juan\; de\; Sepúlveda$ argued natives as “natural slaves”

• Bartolomé de Las Casas argued for Christianity as option and natives’ freedoms

Page 5 — Junípero Serra & the Mission System

• 21 religious outposts to convert Natives; first nine from San Diego to San Francisco

• Missions created New Spain but disrupted native lifeways

• Introduced fruits, vegetables, cattle, horses, ranching, technology

• Accusations of abuses and oppression

Page 6 — Encomienda System

• Land grants and Natives allotted to Spaniards to populate the New World

• Native labor to farm/supply minerals for masters

• West African slaves imported as Native populations declined

Page 7 — Caste System

• Europeans viewed Natives as inferiors; desire to conquer, rule, intermarry

• Rigorous social hierarchy:

  • $Peninsulares$ – pure-blood Spaniards

  • $Creole$ – colonial-born whites

  • $Mestizo$ – European/Amerindian mix

  • $Mulatto$ – European/African mix

  • $Zambo$ – African/Amerindian mix

Page 8 — Battle of Acoma (1599)

• Brutal death of ~$800$ Pueblo people

• Surviving natives enslaved; Santa Fe established in $1610$

Page 9 — Pueblo Revolt (Popé’s Rebellion, 1680)

• Uprising of Pueblos; killed ~$400$ Spanish; ~$2,000$ Spanish left province

• First successful revolt against a European power

• Consequences: reduced encomiendas; syncretism of Catholicism and Native beliefs; Spanish returned after ~12 years

Page 10 — New Netherland

• Henry Hudson sought a northwest passage; founded New Amsterdam (later NYC)

• Dutch West India Company controlled region for economic gain

• Native relations: trade with Algonquian; alliances with Iroquois

Page 11 — New France

• Motivations: Gold (fur trade control), God (Catholicism), Glory (NW passage)

• Champlain: Quebec established in $1608$

• Jolliet & Marquette explored upper Mississippi; La Salle explored Mississippi basin and named Louisiana

• Maintained relatively good Native relations as economic/military allies

Page 12 — Coureurs de Bois & Fur Trade

• French-Canadian traders initially traded beaver skins; learned Native practices

• Trade aided by friendly relations and reciprocal gift-giving/adoptions

Page 13 — England in the Americas

• Defeated Spanish Armada in $1588$

• Joint-stock companies emerged; Virginia Company established colonization efforts

Page 14 — Jamestown

• Established in $1607$ by the Virginia Company (joint-stock)

• Tobacco became a key cash crop

• Relations with Powhatan varied over time

Page 15 — The Starving Time

• Winter $1609-1610$: only $60/500$ survived

• Lack of planned food and water issues

• 1610: survivors returned; tobacco commercialization (John Rolfe) secured long-term prosperity

Page 16 — Beaver Wars

• Northeast/Great Lakes: trade goods and weapons for furs

• Iroquois expansion with Dutch/English backing; Algonquians/Hurons backed by French

• Consequences: displacement of tribes; weakened French; British expansion; set stage for French and Indian War

Page 17 — Anglo-Powhatan Wars

• Virginia settlers vs Powhatan Confederacy

• Three wars; Opechancanough killed; boundary defined

• Lasted until $1677$ with Indian reservations post-Bacon’s Rebellion

Page 18 — New England Confederation

• Formed in $1643$ by Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, New Haven

• Alliance against common threats; precedent for colonial unity

Page 19 — Pequot War

• Mystic Massacre: fort fire and killings of escapees

• Pequot tribe effectively ceased as a distinct group

Page 20 — King Philip’s War

• Metacom’s Rebellion ( $1675-1676$)

• United many tribes against English settlers; thousands killed on both sides

• Metacom killed; major Native resistance in New England ends

Page 21 — Slavery and Trans-Atlantic Trade

• Visual: inspection and sale of a enslaved person (context for system)

Page 22 — African Tribal Slavery

• African tribes supplied captives to slave markets; high mortality in capture/transport

• Enslaved people had rights similar to indentured servants in some cases

Page 23 — Middle Passage

• Millions of Africans transported to the New World

• Traders connected Americas with Africa and Europe

• Death rate: ~$15\bar{ } \%$ at sea; total deaths up to ~$2\,000,000$

Page 24 — Transatlantic Slave Trade Map (Overview)

• Triangular routes: Europe ⇄ Africa ⇄ Americas

• Major ports and routes in the Atlantic system

Page 25 — Triangular Trade

• Europe to Africa: manufactured goods

• Africa to the New World: slaves

• New World to Europe: raw materials

Page 26 — Barbados Slave Code (1661)

• English law establishing slavery as chattel property

• Plantation slavery expands in the 19th century with abolition pressures

Page 27 — Chattel Slavery

• People treated as personal property; bought/sold

• Slavery status inherited by children born to enslaved parents

Page 28 — Responses to Slavery

• Slaves resisted through active and passive means: break tools, feign illness, slowdowns, arson, sabotage, escape

Page 29 — Gullah

• African Americans descended from slaves in the Georgia, Florida, South Carolina region

• Preserved African linguistic and cultural heritage: crafts, farming, folklore, music, rice cuisine, storytelling

Page 30 — Slave Rebellions

• Stono Rebellion ($1739$, SC): largest slave uprising; led to Negro Act

• Negro Act restricted assembly, education, movement; 10-year import moratorium; penalties for harsh treatment; need for manumission acts

• New York Slave Revolts: 1712 and 1741

Page 31 — Mercantilism

• Colonies supply raw materials to mother country for national profit

• Positive effects: New England shipbuilding; Chesapeake tobacco monopoly in England; protection by English forces

• Negative effects: limited colonial manufacturing; low prices for crops; high prices for manufactured goods; mercantilist policies arguably redundant with colonial dependence

Page 32 — Navigation Acts

• Trades restricted to English/colonial-built ships

• Imports to colonies pass through English ports

• Certain colonial exports limited to England (e.g., tobacco)

• Smuggling common; Massachusetts Bay charter revoked due to smuggling

Page 33 — Dominion of New England

• $1686$: James II centralized control (NY, NJ, NE); no representative assemblies; Andros governed

• Glorious Revolution replaced James II with William & Mary; Dominion ended but mercantilist policies persisted

• Molasses Act imposed a tax on non-English colonial molasses to regulate trade

Page 34 — Summary

• Review and annotate notes

• Answer Essential Question

• Submit notes on Canvas

• EQ remains: How did European colonization impact cultural identities, interactions, and long-term cultural exchange, assimilation, and resistance?