2nd Form End-of-Year Exam Study Notes

Exam Details

  • Duration: 1 hour 10 minutes

  • Total Marks: 70

  • Section A: 20 Multiple Choice Questions

  • Section B: 5 Structured Questions

1. Animal Nutrition & the Digestive System

  • Functions of different types of teeth:

    • Incisors: Cutting

    • Canines: Tearing

    • Premolars: Grinding

    • Molars: Grinding

  • Key parts of the digestive system and their roles:

    • Mouth: Ingestion

    • Esophagus: Transports food

    • Stomach: Digestion

    • Small Intestine: Nutrient absorption

    • Large Intestine: Water absorption

    • Anus: Elimination

  • Importance of nutrients:

    • Proteins: Building tissues

    • Carbohydrates: Energy

    • Fats: Energy storage

  • Tooth structure:

    • Enamel: Outer layer

    • Dentin: Beneath enamel

    • Pulp: Nerves and vessels

  • Dental hygiene:

    • Regular brushing and flossing

    • Limiting sugar

    • Check-ups

  • Differences between mechanical and chemical digestion:

    • Mechanical: Physical breakdown

    • Chemical: Enzyme breakdown

2. Breathing & the Respiratory System

  • Main parts of the respiratory system:

    • Nose/Mouth: Air entrance

    • Trachea: Windpipe

    • Bronchi: To lungs

    • Lungs: Gas exchange

    • Alveoli: Air sacs

  • Role of the diaphragm and lungs in breathing:

    • Diaphragm: Volume change

    • Lungs: Expand/contract

  • How gases are exchanged:

    • Oxygen to blood

    • Carbon dioxide to alveoli

  • Health and care:

    • Avoid smoking

    • Exercise

    • Ventilation

3. Static Electricity

  • What static electricity is:

    • Imbalance of charges

  • How objects become charged:

    • Friction: Electron transfer

    • Induction: Charge redistribution

  • Subatomic particles:

    • Protons: Positive

    • Neutrons: No charge

    • Electrons: Negative

  • Everyday examples:

    • Lightning

    • Clothes sticking

    • Balloon on hair

4. Current Electricity

  • Basic circuit parts:

    • Switches: Control flow

    • Bulbs: Light

    • Batteries: Voltage

    • Wires: Conductors

  • Series vs. Parallel circuits:

    • Series: Single path

    • Parallel: Multiple paths

  • Understanding current, voltage, and resistance:

    • Current (I): I = \frac{Q}{t}

    • Voltage (V): V = \frac{W}{Q}

    • Resistance (R): R = \frac{V}{I}

  • Reading circuit diagrams:

    • Component symbols

    • Connections

5. Food Chains & Food Webs

  • Definitions:

    • Producers: Make food

    • Consumers: Eat others

    • Primary: Herbivores

    • Secondary: Carnivores/Omnivores

    • Tertiary: Eat carnivores

    • Decomposers: Break down dead organisms

  • Energy flow:

    • Producers to consumers (10% transfer)

  • Impact of removing organisms:

    • Population imbalances

    • Ecosystem disruption

  • Food chain vs. food web:

    • Food Chain: Linear sequence

    • Food Web: Interconnected chains