Comprehensive Review Notes

Filipino

  • Idyolek: Unique, personal language use. Each person has a distinct style. (e.g., Noli De Castro's "Magandang Gabi Bayan")
  • Dayalek: Language varies by region. (e.g., Tagalog "Bakit?" vs. Batangas "Bakit ga?")
  • Sosyolek: Temporary variety used by a particular group, related to socioeconomic status or gender.
  • Etnolek: Develops from ethno-linguistic groups.
  • Ekolek: Language used at home.
  • Pidgin: Makeshift language with no formal structure used between speakers of different languages.
  • Creole: Pidgin language that develops a formal structure and becomes a primary language.
  • Rejister: Specialized language in a specific domain.
  • Jargon: Special words/expressions used by a professional group.

English Speech Styles

  • Frozen: Very formal, fixed language (anthems, pledges).
  • Formal: Used in large groups, avoids slang (speeches, meetings).
  • Consultative: Semi-formal, two-way participation (teacher-student).
  • Casual: Relaxed, slang common (friends, family).
  • Intimate: Private language (close friends, family).

Purpose of Speech

  • Inform, Motivate/Persuade, or Entertain.
  • Specific Purpose Statement: What the speaker will accomplish.
  • Kinesics: Body motion communication/body language.

Philo

  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:
    • Physiological
    • Safety
    • Love and belonging
    • Esteem
    • Self-actualization
  • Needs lower in the hierarchy must be met first.
  • Self-esteem: Self-respect.
  • Self Concept: Beliefs about oneself.
  • Self Confidence: Trust in one's abilities.

Science

  • Nuclear Fission: Heavy nucleus splits into two with energy release and neutron emission.
  • Nuclear Fusion: Light atoms smash together to produce energy.
  • Convergence Theory: Industrialized nations develop similar societal patterns, creating a global culture.
  • Convergent Plate: Plates moving towards each other, forming mountains or subduction zones.
  • Dimitri Mendeleev: Developed periodic table in 1869.
  • Mohs Scale: Measures mineral hardness (Talc = 1, Diamond = 10).
  • Hermaphrodite: Organism with male and female reproductive organs.
  • Cuneiform: Sumerians' earliest writing system.
  • Ziggurat: Sumerian step pyramid.

Layers of Earth

  • Crust: Thinnest layer, continental and oceanic types.
  • Mantle: Thickest layer, constant motion, convective circulation.
  • Core:
    • Inner core: Extreme temperature/pressure, solidifying.
    • Outer core: Liquid, violent convection, creates Earth’s magnetic field.
  • Universe age: 13.8 billion years.
  • Atom: Smallest unit of matter.
  • Dalton’s Atomic Theory: All matter made of indivisible atoms.
  • Gas Giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Light Rays

  • Light Ray: Direction of light propagation.
  • Geometrical Optics: Rules for light ray paths. In uniform medium, rays travel in straight lines.

Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction

  • Reflection: Waves bounce off a barrier; angle of incidence equals angle of reflection.
  • Refraction: Waves change direction/speed as they pass from one medium to another.
  • Diffraction: Waves bend around obstacles/openings.

Relativity Theory

  • Einstein: Laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers; speed of light is constant.

Periodic Table

  • Elements arranged by atomic number.
  • Metals: Left side, lustrous, conductive, lose electrons.
  • Metalloids: Zig-zag line, properties of both metals and nonmetals, semiconductors.
  • Nonmetals: Right side, poor conductors, gain electrons.
  • Groups: Columns, similar valence electrons.
  • Periods: Rows, same highest electron energy level.

Chemical Bonding

  • Ionic Bonds: Between atoms with different electronegativity, metals and nonmetals.
  • Covalent Bonds: Atoms share electrons, nonmetals.
  • Metallic Bonds: Metals share valence electrons, electron sea.

Laws of Motion

  • 1st Law (Inertia): Object at rest stays at rest, object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by force.
  • 2nd Law: F = ma (Force = mass x acceleration).
  • 3rd Law: For every action, equal and opposite reaction.

Atoms

  • Made of protons (+), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (-).
  • Protons/neutrons in nucleus; electrons orbit nucleus.
  • Electrons are fundamental particles.

Hubble's Theory

  • Universe is expanding.
  • Hubble's Law: v = H_0D (velocity = Hubble constant x distance).
  • Einstein initially proposed a cosmological constant, later called it his "biggest blunder".

Other Definitions

  • Crater: Cup-shaped depression.
  • Complete flower: Has sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens.
  • Wavelength: Distance between successive identical parts of a wave.
  • Frequency: Number of waves passing a point per second.

Mechanical Wave Types

  • Transverse: Particles move perpendicular to wave direction.
  • Longitudinal: Particles move parallel to wave direction.

Electromagnetic Waves

  • No medium needed; changes in electric/magnetic fields.
  • Travel at the speed of light.
  • Examples: Light, radio, thermal radiation.

Math

  • Qualitative vs. Quantitative
  • Mean, Median and Mode
  • Function Operations:
    • Given f(x) = 3x + 2 and g(x) = 4 – 5x
    • (f + g)(x) = –2x + 6
    • (f – g)(x) = 8x – 2
    • (f × g)(x) = –15x^2 + 2x + 8
    • (\frac{f}{g})(x) = \frac{3x+2}{4-5x}
  • Function Notation:
    • y = f(x)
    • Find f(2) when f(x) = 3x
  • Inverse Function if f(x) = y, the applying its inverse function g to y gives the result x, g(y) = x.
  • Univariate and Bivariate Data
  • Percentile: Value below which a given percentage falls.

Algebra Examples

  • Sum of three consecutive multiples of seven is 168. Middle number is 56.
  • Abigail is three years older than half of Susan’s age. In twelve years, Susan’s age will be seven more than three quarters of Abigail’s age. Abigail is currently 8 years old.
  • Simple and Compound Interest