APUSH MIDTERM

Period 1:

1491–1607

UNIT

1

~8 Class

Periods 4–6% AP Exam

Weighting

4

1.1 Contextualizing

Period 1

GEO 1.2 Native American

Societies Before

European Contact 1

WOR 1.3 European Exploration

in the Americas 1

GEO 1.4 Columbian Exchange,

Spanish Exploration,

and Conquest 3

SOC 1.5 Labor, Slavery, and

Caste in the Spanish

Colonial System 5

WOR 1.6 Cultural Interactions

Between Europeans,

Native Americans,

and Africans

3

6

1.7 Causation in Period 1

Period 2:

1607–1754

UNIT

2

~14 Class

Periods 6–8% AP Exam

Weighting

4

2.1 Contextualizing

Period 2

MIG 2.2 European Colonization

1

GEO 2.3 The Regions of

British Colonies 3

WXT 2.4 Transatlantic Trade

5

WOR 2.5 Interactions Between

American Indians

and Europeans 2

WXT 2.6 Slavery in the

SOC British Colonies

5

ARC 2.7 Colonial Society

NAT and Culture

1

6

2.8 Comparison in Period 2

Period 3:

1754–1800

UNIT

3

4

3.1 Contextualizing

Period 3

WOR 3.2 The Seven Years’ War

(The French and

Indian War) 1

WOR 3.3 Taxation Without

Representation 2

NAT 3.4 Philosophical

Foundations of the

American Revolution 2

WOR 3.5 The American

Revolution 6

SOC 3.6 The Infuence of

WOR Revolutionary Ideals

3

PCE 3.7 The Articles of

Confederation 3

PCE 3.8 The Constitutional

Convention and Debates

over Ratifcation 3

PCE 3.9 The Constitution

5

WOR 3.10 Shaping a

PCE New Republic

2

ARC 3.11 Developing an

American Identity 1

MIG 3.12 Movement in the

SOC Early Republic

5

6

3.13 Continuity and Change

in Period 3

Period 4:

1800–1848

UNIT

4

~17 Class

Periods 10–17% AP Exam

Weighting

4

4.1 Contextualizing

Period 4

PCE 4.2 The Rise of Political

Parties and the Era

of Jeferson 2

PCE 4.3 Politics and

Regional Interests 2

WOR 4.4 America on the

World Stage 2

WXT 4.5 Market Revolution:

Industrialization 6

SOC 4.6 Market Revolution:

Society and Culture 5

PCE 4.7 Expanding Democracy

1

PCE 4.8 Jackson and

Federal Power 3

ARC 4.9 The Development of an

American Culture 4

ARC 4.10 The Second Great

Awakening 5

ARC 4.11 An Age of Reform

3

SOC 4.12 African Americans in

the Early Republic 3

GEO 4.13 The Society of

the South in the

Early Republic 1

6

4.14 Causation in Period 4

Period 5:

1844–1877

UNIT

5

~17 Class

Periods 10–17% AP Exam

Weighting

4

5.1 Contextualizing

Period 5

GEO 5.2 Manifest Destiny

1

WOR 5.3 The Mexican–American

War 3

NAT 5.4 The Compromise of

1850 4

ARC 5.5 Sectional Confict:

SOC Regional Diferences

2

PCE 5.6 Failure of Compromise

5

PCE 5.7 Election of 1860

and Secession 4

WOR 5.8 Military Confict in

the Civil War 5

NAT 5.9 Government Policies

During the Civil War 2

PCE 5.10 Reconstruction

3

NAT 5.11 Failure of

Reconstruction 3

6

5.12 Comparison in Period 5

Key Concepts

PERIOD 2: 1607-1754

Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and Native Americans for resources.

1. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with Native populations.

   1. Spanish example: In North America, the Spanish used their new territories like Florida and New Mexico as centers for Christian missionary, while also using it as leverage against their European rivals

2. French/Dutch example: The French empire in the New World consisted of different components. It was filled with French Catholic missionaries, convinced their mission was to “save” the Natives and convert them, while others focused on the empire and had conflicts with English and Spanish settlers as a result.

3. British example: The attempts the British empire made to gain colonies in the new World were feeble compared to their Spanish counterparts, until they signed a treaty in 1604. They were able to set up Jamestown, but faced conflicts with the Indigenous people living there.

2. In the 17^th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environment tal, economic, cultural, and demographic factors.

   1. Chesapeake/NC colonies example: The Chesapeake colonies mainly profited off of tobacco, relying on indentured servants and later on enslaved Africans to do the labor.

2. New England colonies example: The New England colonies mainly established townships, and established a sense of agriculture as their surplus

3. Middle colonies example:The middle colonies had fertile soil, and broad land. They also had many rivers, which helped provide different industrial jobs such as shipbuilding and lumbering, and their diversity in both race and religion helped them thrive in the New World.

4. Southern colonies and British West Indies example: Developed plantations for profit and depended on enslaved Africans for unpaid labor.

5. Examples of how Britain’s distance affected the colonies: The distance between Britain and the colonies created room for more breathing space, as colonies adapted self-governance and started conducting themselves by having town meetings.

3. Competition over resources between European rivals and Native Americans encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas.

   1. Economy example: Goods were traded between Europe, Africa, and Asia, all vying to gain different things.

2. Trade example: Europe traded for different surpluses and gained free labor.

3. Colonists and Native Americans interactions example: Trading with the Native Americans gave both sides benefits, but also had negative effects such as the spread of different diseases as a result.

4. Goals of European leaders: To gain the most land in order to have the utmost control and power of this new found land.

5. Conflicts and resistance examples: Native Americans showed resistance towards the Spanish when they arrived, creating different revolts and chaos occuring

Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.

1. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another.

   1. Religion example: The different religions being transferred through different groups caused different types of thinking.

2. Ethnic/cultural example: the spread of protestantism deeply impacted the cultural surroundings of the British and the natives in surrounding areas.

3. Political structure example: The British attempted to organize the colonies into an imperial structure, but backlash from the Indigenous people often stunted that plot.

4. Government origin example: With their separation from Britain, colonists relied on self-government for an effective system of government

2. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.

   1. British colonies involvement in the Atlantic slave trade example: British colonies used slavery for labor in plantation fields

2. Chattel slavery example: the total ownership of a person after they are sold.

3. African slavery example: The capturing of Africans and transportation to the new world for unpaid labor

4. Key Concepts

   
   

   PERIOD 3: 1754-1800

   
   

   Key Concept 3.1: British attempts to assert tighter control over its North American colonies and the colonial resolve to pursue self-government led to a colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary War.

   
   

   1. The competition among British, French, and Native Americans for economic and political advantage in North America culminated in the Seven Years’ War (the French and Indian War), in which Britain defeated France and allied Native Americans.

      1. Britain and France’s relations example:

   The Ohio River Valley became the main piece of contention between France and Britain as they both had valuable assets, with the French focusing on the fur trade and the British in conquest for more land. This problem snowballed into what we now know as the Seven Years War

   
   
   
   

   2. Britain and Native peoples’ relations example:

                           The Native Americans during this period were using the conflict between Britain and the French to their advantage in trade. The Iroquois further teamed up with Britain in the war and used different tactics in order the defeat the French.

   
   
   

   2. The desire of many colonists to assert ideals of self-government in the face of renewed British imperial efforts led to a colonial independence movement and war with Britain.

      1. British imperial efforts example: A series of taxes were previously implemented on the colonists after the war, and Americans were not pleased. As a result, one of the taxes was repealed, but the Declaratory Act was then passed, with the king reaffirming that he is the King and has the final say. Further conflicts such as the Boston Tea party, occurred, and more rules were put in place, essentially stripping the colonists away from their rights.

   
   
   
   

   2. Colonial leaders example: Many leaders hosted town meetings in order to discuss different affairs and issues, uniting the thirteen colonies into something much more valuable than before. They also created The First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, discussing ways to redress their grievances as colonies.

   
   
   
   

   3. Popular movements within the colonies example: Many people participated in the nonimportation agreement against British goods, as an act of defiance against Parliament after the increased taxes on all of their supplies. Different groups like the Sons and Daughter of Liberty took the law into their own hands and often took extreme measures for their complaints to be heard.

   
   
   
   
   

   4. Patriotic movements within the colonies example: The Boston tea party was an important showcase of patriotism, with colonists sneaking on board and dumping expensive tea overboard after exasperation from the heavy tax on their tea.

   
   
   
   
   

   Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. 

   
   

   1. The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18^th century.

      1. Enlightenment ideals example: Some Enlightenment ideals were presented in Thomas Paine’s common sense.  They also believed that it was the government’s job to protect these natural rights.

      2. Natural rights of the people example: That all humans were born free and equal with the rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness/property.

   
   
   
   
   

   3. Abolitionist movement example: Following the American Revolution, Northerners started believing that slaves deserved their freedom and natural rights to man that was written in their Declaration of Independence. 

   
   
   
   
   

   4. Republican motherhood example: The civic virtue that all mothers should raise their children to be informed citizens. Although women did not have the right to vote, they had a huge role in shaping the future of the country.

   
   
   
   
   

   5. Ideals in the Declaration of Independence throughout the world example: An example of an ideal showcased in the Declaration of Independence that reached other countries was the stat of the French Revolution, influenced by the American Revolution

   
   
   
   
   

   2. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence.

      1. State constitutions example: A unicameral legislature was created, which was one body giving power to the people’s representatives.

   
   
   
   

   2. Central government example:

      1. Articles of Confederation: Originally drafted before the end of the war, this was written to show other countries that The United States had a unified country, with a weak central government. However, as time passed the Articles Confederation proved to be nonfunctional for the new country and thus the Constitution was written.

   
   
   
   

   2. Constitutional Convention: Addressed many different things including strengthening the central government, but making it even by creating branches that hold different power, regulating slavery, the three-fifths compromise, and much more, furthering establishing a strong and unified country. 

   
   
   
   

   3. Federalist example: Federalists were for the ratification of the Constitution, believing that the government should be stronger than its current position. However, they received backlash from the Anti-Federalists who were afraid of a strong central government after their recent separation from England.

   
   
   
   
   

   4. Anti-Federalist example: Anti-Federalists were opposed to the ratification of the Constitution, fearful of a tyrannical government.The compromise made was the Bill of Rights that solidified the rights of citizens and explicitly expressed the powers the central government held.

   
   
   
   

   3. New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues.

      1. Presidential administration example: After the unanimous election of George Washington, he served for two terms and created a precedent for future presidential terms that was not changed until after President Roosevelt’s 12 year term

   
   
   
   

   2. Political leaders’ differing opinions example: Two parties were formed, the Jefersonian Democratic-republicans and the Hamiltonian Federalists, who each had very different ideas of how the government should be run. Federalists were in favor of a strong central government, loose interpretation of the Constitution, and a National Bank. Democratic-Republicans were in favor of a weak central government, a strict and explicit interpretation of the Constitution, and were against a National Bank. These differences often made the two parties butt heads, something George Washington warned them against earlier on.

   
   
   
   

   3. Regional attitudes toward political institutions example: Different regions such as Virginia and Kentucky had a negative attitude towards the freshly implemented Alien and Sedition laws in 1798, and as a result came up with resolutions stating that states give power to the government, therefore solidifying the right to disregard their new laws.

   
   
   
   

   4. Growth of national identity example: The ratification of the Constitution showcased how Americans learned how to grow and adapt as a country.

   
   
   
   
   

   Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North American and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations.

   
   

   1. In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending.

   Alliances with Native American tribes example: The Treaty of Fort Stanwix of 1784 was one of the first major alliances created after the U.S gained independence, developing boundaries between Americans and Native American land.

   
   
   
   

   Frontier culture example: Frontier culture expanded as different cultures moved across the North America continent

   
   
   
   
   

   Admitting new states example: As settlers continued moving into new land, a rule was created stating that if your territory had the right number of population, it could become a state. 

   
   
   
   
   

    Federal government and Native Americans relations example: The federal government and  Native Americans had issues with each other, mainly with land. Americans continued to move into land which further angered the Indigenous people, causing conflicts. This was resolved by the Fort Stanwix Treaty, 

   
   
   
   
   
   

   Spanish colonies example: Spaniards used the American Indians towards their advantage as means for labor. This indulged them in their lifestyle  and created the mix between cultures.

   
   
   
   
   

   2. The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests.

   Diplomatic initiatives example:

   
   

   The Jay Treaty with Great Britain aimed to resolve lingering issues from the Revolutionary

   War, such as British forts on American territory and trade disputes. While it was

   controversial, the treaty helped stabilize relations with Britain and ensured American

   access to trade.

   
   
   
   

   French Revolution’s impact on North America example:

   
   

   The French Revolution impacted Americans' new ways of thinking and concepts of democracy and liberty across the states. This especially influenced political parties, such as the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans.

   
   
   
   
   
   

   George Washington’s Farewell Address impact example:

   
   

   George Washington stressed the importance of national unity and warned against the formation of political parties, as he believed this would only divide Americans as a nation. 

5. Key Concepts

   
   

   PERIOD 4: 1800-1848

   
   

   Key Concept 4.1: The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.

   
   

   1. The nation’s transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties.

      1. Regional interests example: Regional interests significantly impacted political debates across the country, specifically between the North and the South. Between tariffs, relations with other European countries and more there was much discourse among the nation.

   
   
   
   

   2. Political party ideologies example: The two prominent political parties in this time period were the Whigs and the Democrats. Their parties opposed one another as Whigs supported a strong central government and Democrats were in favor of a weak central government and power being held in the states.

   
   
   
   

   2. While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures to their own.

      1. Nationalism example: Following the victory from the war of 1812, many Americans expressed a sense of pride or nationalism in their young country connecting with the composition of the “Star Spangled Banner” by Francis Scott Key.

   
   
   
   

   2. Market revolution example: Transformed the previous way of harvesting goods on farms to a modern market based economy, significantly increasing our economic stats and overall unifying the way of work across the country

   
   
   
   

   3. Second Great Awakening example: Was a monumental time period in history, led to many different important movements like women’s suffrage and abolition of slavery.

   
   
   
   

   4. Democratic and individualistic example: Following the election of President Andrew Jackson the concept of the common man gaining power in contrast to the rich and highly educated was spread around the country, giving people the idea that everyone has a say in how the government operates.

   
   
   
   

   5. Minority groups example: The influx of immigrants from Germany and Ireland created diversity within the country, both in ethnicity and religion. Immigrants often spent time working hard in the industrial factories in the U.S.

   
   
   
   

   3. Increasing number of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals.

      1. Voluntary organizations example: Americans formed new voluntary organizations such as the American Temperance Society in the 1820’s as their main goal was to educate the public on the negative effects of alcohol and decrease the consumption of it. 

   
   

   2. Abolitionist movements example: Anti-Slavery movements were pushed all throughout the South persuading many to be in agreement with the abolition of slavery, despite the negative pushback from the south.

   
   
   
   

   3. Women’s rights example: Women’s rights movements were started to gain more basic rights for women in the United States expressed at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1948.

   
   
   
   

   Key Concept 4.2: Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.

   
   

   1. New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production.

      1. Market revolution example: New transportation such as railroads and canals were developed during his time period making it easier to move across the country.

   
   
   
   

   2. Machinery innovations examples: The cotton gin created by Eli Whitney made the distribution of cotton easier and faster, increasing the use of slavery in the south and bettered the economy with the exports mainly being cotton

   
   
   
   

   3. Creation of transportation networks examples: The creation of the steamboat helped transport goods faster, increased the flexibility of labor, and overall improved the commerce in the United States.

   
   
   
   

   2. The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers’ lives, and gender and family relations.

      1. Goods production example: The production of goods moved much more swiftly because of the innovation of different machinery as it made it easier to produce items like textiles and clothing.

   
   
   
   

   2. Growth of manufacturing example: Different places from Massachusetts to Pennsylvania had numerous factories available during the Industrial Revolution. The transition to working in factories bettered both the economy and the livelihoods of many and created different classes of people.

   
   
   
   

   3. Gender and family roles example: Domestic ideals made it possible for people to employ maily women to work in textile factories while at the same time underpaying them due to the bigoted astigmatism that they were not their families sole bread winner.

   
   
   
   

   3. Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions.

      1. Industry example: Many migrants moved towards the cities with bustling industrialization in the North, while other Aerican moved westward creating diverse communities across the nation.

   
   
   
   

   2. Western settlers example: With the concept of the Manifest Destiny, more and more white Americans believed that it was their right and duty to obtain all the land, pushing them further west.

   
   
   
   

   3. Southern cotton industries example: The cultivation of cotton can be attributed to the invention of the cotton gin, which boosted the economy of the southern states immensely, making them overdependent on it.

   
   
   
   

   4. Southern regional identity example: As they continue relying on cotton as a way of life, many slave owners and business leaders heavily relied on their crops and it became entangled within their identity.

   
   
   
   

   5. America System example: Had plans to positively influence the U.S economy by adhering to their national banking system and placing tariffs on their exports.

   
   
   
   

   Key Concept 4.3: The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.

   
   

   1. Struggling to create independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade.

      1. Louisiana Purchase example: The Louisiana Purchase made by Thomas Jefferson doubled the size of the United States and furthermore expanded the young but mighty country.

   
   
   
   

   2. Monroe Doctrine example: The Monroe Doctrine effectively erased European powers in the Western Hemisphere, and established America as a strong and powerful country.

   
   
   
   

   3. Effects on Native Americans example: The trail of tears occurred after the forceful removal and displacement of many Native American tribes to Oklahoma in order to provide more land for white American settlers.

   
   
   
   

   2. The United States’ acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over extension of slavery into new territories.

      1. Southern expansion West example: Slave owners relocated their slaves and moved their crops to more fertile land after the encouragement of moving westward.

   
   
   
   

   2. Northern expansion West example: Advocated for the abolition of slavery was prominent in the North but was often scorned in the South, believing that cotton crops was their only way of life.

   
   
   
   

   3. Missouri Compromise example: The Missouri Compromise was made in order to maintain an equal number of slave states and free states without actually confronting the issue of slavery itself. Maine entered in as a free state, and the Mason-DIxon line was established, further dividing the North and the South from one another.

   4. Key Concept 5.1 — The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries. I. Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security westward, and new overseas initiatives. A. The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West. B. Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United States to expand its  C. The United States added large territories in the West through victory in the lands. D. Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting western transportation and economic development. E. U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia. II. and citizenship for various groups of U.S. inhabitants. A. Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the United States from Europe and Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs. B. A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting  C. 86 Indians increased in regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico,  Key Concept 5.2 divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war. I. responses from Americans in the North and the South. A. The North’s expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contto the Southern economy’s dependence on enslaved labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free-labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor. B. African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting escapes, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals. C. Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states’ rights were protected by the Constitution. AP U.S. History Concept Outline © 2019 College Board  A. The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North. D. Abraham Lincoln’s victory on the Republicans’ free-soil platform in the votes. After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War. Key Concept 5.3 — The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, butKey Concept 5.3 — The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but and citizenship rights. I. The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate enslaved persons eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War. A. Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition. B. Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union, but Lincoln’s decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy. C. Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg founding democratic ideals. D. Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South’s infrastructure. II. Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities. A. voting rights. B. The women’s rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the between Congress and the presidency and to reorder race relations in the defeated South yielded some short-term successes. Reconstruction opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to formerly enslaved persons, but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North’s waning resolve.

D. Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region’s land even after Reconstruction. Formerly enslaved persons sought land ownership sharecropping system limited blacks’ and poor whites’ access to land in the South. E. Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics