Medical Interventions Review Unit 1.1
Medical Interventions (MI) Understandings
Medical interventions maintain health and homeostasis.
Methods detect/identify infectious agents.
Antibiotics Understandings
Antibiotics disrupt bacterial survival pathways.
Bacteria use pathways to resist antibiotics.
Antibiotic overuse selects for resistant bacteria.
Hearing Loss Understandings
Ear structure problems cause hearing loss.
Interventions are available for hearing loss.
Vaccines Understandings
Vaccines activate the immune system to recognize disease antigens.
Vaccines are produced in labs using recombinant DNA.
Epidemiologists monitor health, search for patterns, assist in outbreak investigations, and design treatment/prevention strategies.
Medical Intervention
Any measure to improve health or alter illness course; used to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease.
Categories: genetics, pharmacology, diagnostics, surgery, immunology, medical devices, and rehabilitation.
Diagnosing Illnesses
Signs are measurable (e.g., temperature).
Symptoms are what patients report (e.g., tiredness).
Bioinformatics (DNA sequencing) identifies disease pathogens.
ELISA detects disease using antibodies and antigens; color changes indicate presence/concentration of antigen.
Antibiotics and Bacteria
Antibiotics disrupt bacteria's survival pathways.
Gram-positive: thick peptidoglycan wall; Gram-negative: thin wall with outer membrane.
Bacteria share resistance genes via transduction, transformation, and conjugation.
Antibiotic overuse in livestock contributes to resistance.
Hearing and Hearing Loss
Sound: intensity (decibels), frequency (pitch), amplitude (loudness).
Types of hearing loss: sensorineural, conductive, mixed.
Conductive hearing loss: outer/middle ear damage; often correctable.
Sensorineural hearing loss: inner ear/nerve damage; often permanent.
Hearing tests: Rinne test, speech in noise test, audiograms.
Hearing aids amplify sound; cochlear implants bypass damaged hair cells.
Vaccines and Vaccinations
Vaccination: injection of dead/weakened pathogens to activate the immune system.
Vaccines: similar pathogen, attenuated virus, killed virus, toxoid, subunit, Naked-DNA.
Recombinant DNA: modifies DNA, places it in an organism for replication.
Epidemiologists study disease, monitor populations, and investigate outbreaks.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Uses DNA to amplify a desired gene sequence.
Genetic Testing Understandings
Genetic testing: detects genetic disorders or carrier status.
Genetic counseling: helps families understand risks and make informed decisions.
Gene Therapy Understandings
Gene therapy: replaces faulty genes with functional copies.
Genetic Testing and Screening
Genetic testing identifies disorders. Genetic screening examines DNA, stresses prenatal care.
Chromosomes are DNA; genes code for proteins.
Types: single-gene, multifactorial, chromosomal, mitochondrial.
Testing types: carrier screening, preimplantation diagnosis, fetal screening, newborn screening.
PCR Steps denatures the DNA strands, allows for primer annealing, and allows for Taq polymerase extension
Testing for Disease
Use gel elctrophoresis; PCR makes DNA, electrophoresis diagnoses.
Restriction enzymes cut DNA; gel electrophoresis separates fragments.
SNPs may result in disease and used to detect bad genes.
SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) are tiny differences in an individual's DNA
Inherited Disorders
Single-gene: change in one gene Ex: cystic fibrosos or sickle cell anemia.
Multifactorial genes genes+environment. Ex: Alzeheimer's/demntia.
Sex-linked: Passed on sex chromosome (x/y)
Future Gene Tech
Gene therapy: replaces faulty genes with functional ones.
Vectors like retroviruses deliver healthy genes.
Reproductive cloning duplicates individuals; therapeutic cloning repairs parts.
Cancer Understandings
Cancer: mutated cell regulation genes cause uncontrolled reproduction.
Scans: X-rays, CT scans, MRIs are used to create pictures of the inside of the body to diagnose.
Microarrays: Scientists use DNA microarray technology to determine the differences in gene expression between different tissues.
Cancer Risk Factors Understandings
Certain risk factors increase likelyhood of cancer.
Cancer Treatment Understandings
Various methods are used to treat cancer, also biomedical professionals help patients cope with cancer.
Mechanims:
Cheomo/Radiation:
Chemo:
Targets rapid division
Reduces ability for cell to function.
Raidiation:
Kills or slows growth
Genetic Variations Correlation Understandings
Pharmacogenetics, investifates correlations, also nanomaterial.
Nanotechnology is a field of science that can be applied to health and medicine.
Clinical trials are biomedical or health-related research studies that investigate how a new medicine or treatment works in human beings.
Common Facts About Cancer
All cancers have in common that they are abnormal. Cancer cells are abnormal cells in which the processes that regulate normal cell division are damaged.
DNA Technology
DNA can be detected through DNA microarray technology, scientists can compare the gene expression patterns between healthy and cancer cells through the use of DNA microarray technology.
Risk Factors, Behavior, genes, or lifestyle changes
Life-style changes are the safest way to say healthy to reduce cancer risk. Also cancer can be prevented by vaccination.
For detecting genes, DNA Microarrays has to have DNA be split, then run on separate reactions.
Steps for the analysis.
● Isolating cells
● Separate RNA using centrifucation
● Collect sample RNA
Each has two florescent cDNA strand that is PCR
Other Steps.
Create graph to record values used to find what allele version a person inherited.
Pharmacogenetics Review
SNPs can be used to prevent reactions. also there are SNPS differences.
Nano helps target more medication, Nanoparticlae tumor.
Clinal tral, a test to review if therapy is safe.