SE Unit 1 Topic 2 and 3 Notes- Elements _ Intro to Macromolecules

Elements of Life

Overview

• The study of the fundamental elements important for life serves as a foundational understanding of biological systems.

Required Course Content

Enduring Understanding

• The organization of living systems necessitates a continuous input of energy and the exchange of macromolecules.

Learning Objective: Essential Knowledge

• ENE-1.A: Living organisms must exchange matter with the environment to sustain growth, reproduction, and maintenance.

  • ENE-1.A.1: Living organisms require various macromolecules from their environment.

  • ENE-1.A.2:

    • Atoms like carbon are essential for the formation of biological molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

    • Functions of Nitrogen: A primary component in proteins and nucleic acids.

    • Phosphorus: Critical for the structure of nucleic acids and certain lipids.

Carbon

Organic Chemistry Basics

• Definition: Organic chemistry focuses on compounds containing carbon and hydrogen.

• Valence Electrons: Carbon holds four valence electrons, allowing for versatile bonding possibilities.

Carbon's Bonding Characteristics

• Carbon can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds.

  • A single carbon atom can establish up to four covalent bonds, facilitating the formation of long chains.

  • Typical bonds form with hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, influencing both chain length and molecule shape.

Carbon Chains

Structure and Functionality

• Carbon’s valence electrons allow the formation of covalent bonds with other carbons, creating carbon chains.

• Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen, serving as basic frameworks for more complex molecules.

Organic Molecule Skelton

• Carbon chains make up the skeletons of many organic molecules and can vary in:

  • Length

  • Branching

  • Position of double bonds

  • Presence of rings

Functional Groups

• Definition: Chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton that engage in chemical reactions, significantly affecting molecule behavior and properties.

Biological Macromolecules

Introduction

• Biological macromolecules play a central role in cell structure and function.

Required Course Content

Enduring Understanding of Living Systems

• SYI-1: Life exists in a structured hierarchy that facilitates interactions.

Learning Objective: Essential Knowledge

• SYI-1.B: Understand the properties of monomers and the bonds joining them in macromolecules.

• Note: In-depth analysis of the molecular structure of specific nucleotides, amino acids, and carbohydrate polymers is not within AP exam scope.

Molecular Diversity and Macromolecules

Carbon's Role in Diversity

• Variations in carbon skeletons contribute to molecular diversity, enabling the formation of large macromolecules.

• Four Classes of Macromolecules:

  • Carbohydrates

  • Proteins

  • Nucleic acids

  • Lipids (note: includes building units like nitrogen and phosphorus that assist in macromolecule construction).

Formation and Breakdown of Macromolecules

Polymers and Monomers

• Polymers: Chain-like macromolecules made of similar or identical repeating units covalently bonded together.

• Monomers: The individual units comprising polymers.

Reactions Involving Polymers

• Dehydration Reaction: Joins two monomers while releasing water (H2O). Example Reaction:

  • A + B → AB + H2O

• Hydrolysis: Splits polymers by adding water. Example Reaction:

  • AB + H2O → A + B

Dehydration Reaction Example

• Examples illustrating the dehydration processes involving glucose and fructose forming sucrose, showcasing the release of water as a byproduct.

Hydrolysis Example

• Hydrolysis case where sucrose is split into glucose and fructose, highlighting the addition of water to the reaction to break the bond.