Chapter 13 Study Guide Notes

James I

  • Ruled England after Elizabeth.
  • Stuart family member.
  • Faced tension with Parliament due to being a foreigner and disagreements over money and taxes.
  • Supported the Anglican Church, causing friction with Puritans.

Charles I

  • Son of James I.
  • Relations with Parliament worsened.
  • Believed in absolutism and the divine right of kings.
  • Supported the Church of England and discriminated against Puritans.
  • Raised taxes without Parliament's consent, leading to the Petition of Right, which he later ignored.
  • Arrested and secretly tried people in the Star Chamber.
  • Attempted to arrest Puritan leaders, sparking the English Civil War.

Oliver Cromwell

  • Deeply religious Puritan who led the Roundhead forces.
  • Organized the New Model Army.
  • Established the Commonwealth, a republic.
  • Became Lord Protector of England.
  • Known for harsh treatment of the Irish and suppression of opposition.

Restoration

  • Parliament regained power after Cromwell's death and invited Charles II to rule.
  • Power shared between Parliament and Charles II.
  • Habeas Corpus Act passed, protecting individual rights.
  • Political parties (Tories and Whigs) began to develop.

Glorious Revolution

  • James II, a Roman Catholic, became king and believed in absolute monarchy.
  • Parliament invited James's daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to rule.
  • James II fled to France, leading to a limited monarchy.
  • The Bill of Rights ensured Parliament had more power than the ruler.
  • Restricted colonial industry and trade to benefit England.
  • Colonists began to ignore restrictive laws.

Boston Tea Party

  • Colonial leaders stirred anti-British sentiment.
  • Americans dumped tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act.

Intolerable Acts

  • King closed Boston Harbor and suspended the government of Massachusetts.
  • Colonies called for a meeting of delegates and boycotted British goods.

Estates General

  • French society divided into three Estates: clergy, nobles, and commoners.
  • Third Estate paid the most taxes and had little influence.

Louis XVI

  • Called the Estates-General due to financial problems.
  • The Third Estate formed the National Assembly, vowing to create a constitution.

National Assembly

  • Revolutionaries captured the Bastille.
  • Forced the king to accept the Revolutionary government.
  • Adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

  • Provided basic rights such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.

Committee of Public Safety

  • Led by Jacobins and Maximilien Robespierre.
  • Initiated the Reign of Terror, arresting and executing opponents.

Reign of Terror

  • Mass executions by guillotine.
  • Robespierre was eventually beheaded.

The Directory

  • A five-member committee that controlled France.
  • Corrupt and inefficient, leading to Napoleon's rise.

Napoleon

  • Overthrew the Directory and became France's emperor.
  • Implemented the Napoleonic Code, ensuring equality before the law.
  • Engaged in Napoleonic Wars, expanding French control over Europe.
  • Ultimately defeated and exiled.

Congress of Vienna

  • European leaders met to establish a balance of power and prevent future conflicts.
  • Supported legitimacy, restoring royal families to power.

Miguel Hidalgo

  • Village priest who led an uprising against Spanish rule in Mexico.

Simon Bolivar

  • Known as "The Liberator", led struggles for independence in South America.

San Martin

  • Revolutionary leader who helped liberate Chile and Peru.

Monroe Doctrine

  • Proclaimed that the Americas were no longer open to colonization by European powers.

Nationalism

  • Dedication to one's own country.

Revolutions of 1848

  • Conflicts between liberals and conservatives across Europe.
  • France became a republic, and reforms were implemented in Britain.