BBA_EVS-Unit3

Biodiversity Concept

  • Biodiversity refers to the variety and differences of life forms in a particular area, including animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms.

  • It maintains ecological balance and supports life, providing essential resources like food, clean water, and shelter.

  • Definition: The variation among living organisms from different sources, including terrestrial, marine, and desert ecosystems.

  • The term "biodiversity" was coined in 1985.

Types of Biodiversity

1. Genetic Diversity

  • Refers to the variety of genetic characteristics within a species.

  • Example: Different varieties of rice, wheat, etc.

  • Helps populations adapt to changing environments.

2. Species Diversity

  • Variety of different species in a given area, including plants and microorganisms.

  • Community biodiversity is influenced by environmental factors.

3. Ecosystem Diversity

  • Diversity of different ecosystems (e.g., deserts, rainforests).

  • Differences in species composition and ecosystem health.

Values of Biodiversity

  • Ecological Stability: Roles of species in energy capture, nutrient recycling, and climate stability.

  • Economic Importance: Source of food, medicine, and resources for various industries.

  • Social, Ethical, Aesthetic, and Cultural Values: Biodiversity enriches cultural heritage and supports recreational activities.

  • Option Value: Preserving the potential uses of undiscovered species (e.g., pharmaceuticals).

Hotspots of Biodiversity

  • Regions with high species richness and endemism, crucial for conservation efforts.

  • Major hotspots in India include:

    • The Himalayas

    • Indo-Burma Region

    • The Western Ghats

    • Sundaland

Threats to Biodiversity

  • Habitat Loss & Degradation: Deforestation and urbanization compromise ecosystems.

  • Poaching: Illegal wildlife trade leading to extinction risk.

  • Invasive Species: Non-native species outcompete local biodiversity.

  • Pollution: Contamination of air, water, and soil harming species health.

  • Climate Change: Altered habitats and resources affecting species survival.

  • Overexploitation: Unsustainable harvesting of natural resources threatens populations.

Endangered & Endemic Species of India

  • India is home to numerous endangered species, including:

    • Royal Bengal Tiger

    • Indian Rhino

    • The Great Asiatic Lion

  • Endemic Species: Unique to specific regions, such as the Asiatic Lion (Gujarat) and Kashmir Stag.

Conservation of Biodiversity

In-situ Conservation

  • Protection of species in their natural habitats (e.g., national parks, wildlife sanctuaries).

Ex-situ Conservation

  • Protecting species outside their natural habitats (e.g., zoos, botanical gardens).

Summary

  • Biodiversity is crucial to sustaining life on Earth.

  • Its decline threatens ecological balance, human resources, and cultural values.

  • Conservation efforts are vital to protect biodiversity for future generations.