Biology 33 Chapter 4 Part 2

5.46__The combining form adren/o means gland. Thus, the term dacryoadenitis means inflammation of the gland.

5.47__Conditions in which the eye incorrectly focuses light on the retina are called refractive errors. Recall that the suffix -opia means a condition of vision. The prefix hyper- means excessive or beyond. The condition of farsightedness occurs when the light rays from near objects focus beyond the retina. This is called hyperopia. The opposite condition of nearsightedness is called myopia.

5.48__ The combining form meaning old age is presby/o. The the visual condition of impaired vision cause by old age is called presbyopia. This happens because of a loss of accomodation. The ability of the eye to adjust focus on near objects is called accomodations.

5.49__ The greek word chalasis means slackening, such as with baggy skin. The term for baggy eyelid (using the combining form for eyelid) is blepharochalasis. The combining form dermat/o means skin.

5.50__ Recall that the suffix -ptosis means falling or downward displacement. The term for drooping of the eyelid is blepharoptosis. This is usually caused by paralysis.

5.51 From the Greek word for a small hailstone (chalazion), which it may resemble in appearance, comes the term for a chronic nodular inflammation of meibomian gland: chalazion. The plural of chalazion is chalazia.

5.52__The clouding of the lens that causes decreased vision is called a cataract.

5.53__The combining form path/o means disease, and the suffix -y means process of or condition of. Thus, -pathy refers to a condition of disease. A retinal disease condition in diabetics caused by problems with the capillaries is called diabetic retinopathy.

5.54__The greek word tropo means turning. The prefix ec- means away or out. The condition of the eyelid rim turning outward is called ectropion. The prefix en-, however, means within or inward. The condition of the rim of the eyelid turning in is called entopion.

5.55__ If the lacrimal duct becomes blocked, tears that might otherwise flow to the lacrimal sac overflow. The term for this condition begins with the prefix epi-, which means upon. The tears flow upom and out the outer surface of the eye. This condition is called epiphora.

5.56__ The group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure, resulting in damage to the ocular nerve and causing visual defects is called glaucoma.

5.57__ Recall that the combining forms for lens are phac/o and phak/o. The latter spelling along with the prefix pseudo- (false) and the suffix -ia, meaning condition of, forms the term for an implanted artificial lens: pseudophakia.

5.58__From the Greek word strabismos, meaning squinting, comes this term for a condition of eye misalignment: strabismus. Recall that the word root tropo means turning, and that the suffic -ia meand condition of. The combining for heter/o means the other. ANother term for strabismus is named for the appearance of one eye turning toward the other: heterotropia. If the eye turns inward (eso=inward) towards the nose, this is called esotropia. If the eye turns outward (exo=outward), this is called exotropia.

5.59__ A breakdown of tissues in the macula lutea that causes a loss of central vision is called macular degeneration.

5.60__Seperation of the retina from the underlying tissues, usually requiring surgical repair, is called retinal detachment.

5.61__The latin word hordeolus means a little barley grain, which is similar in appearance to a sty, an acute infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid. The medical term for a sty is hordeolum.

5.62__The combining form pteryg/o means wing-shaped. A triangular, or wing shaped, fibrous growth of conjuctival tissue extending onto the cornea is called pterygium. Pterygia are most commonly caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light.

5.63__ Recall that the suffix -iasis means formation or presence of. The combining form trich/o means hair. The presence of misdirected eyelashes that rub on the conjuctiva or cornea is called trichiasis.

5.64__Ambly/o, a combining form meaning dim, is the foundation of the term amblyopia, commonly called lazy eye, that describes the condition of decreased vision in early life because of a functional defect (ex. strabismus and refractive error)

Diagnostic test and procedures

  1. Distance visual acuity: measure of the ability to see the details and shape of identifiable objects from a specified distance, usually from 20 ft (6m) using a Snellen eye chart; normal distance visual acuity is 20/20 (6/6)

  2. Fluorescein angiography: Visualization and photography of retinal and intraocular vessels made as fluorescein dye, which is injected into a vein, circulates through the eye.

  3. Opthalmoscopy: Use of an opthalmoscope to view the interior of the eye.

  4. slit lamp biomicroscopy: combination of a miscroscope and a narrow beam light used to examine the eye, especially the cornea, lens, fluids, and membranes.

  5. sonography-use of high frequency sound waves to detect pathology within the eye (ex. foreign bodies and detached retina)

  6. tonometry-use of a tonometer to measure intraocular pressure, which is elevated in glaucoma.

5.65__Again, the three combining forms meaning eye are ocul/o, opt/o, and ophthalmoscopy. The last one is used with the suffix that means the process of examination to make the term for use of an ophthalmoscope to view the interior of the ye: ophthalmoscopy.

5.66__The diagnostic test that measures the ability to see objects at a specified distance, usually from 20 ft (6m), is called distance visual activty. A result of 20/20 (6/6) represents normal distance visual acuity.

5.67__Aniography, which is radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium, is used in many body areas. The procedure used with the eye is called flurescein angiography, which is named for the fluorescein dye that is injected into the vein to circulate through the eye.

5.68__The use of high-frequency sound waves to make an image for detecting pathology in the eye is called sonography, or ultrasound. The suffix -graphy means process of recording.

5.69__A tonometer measures intraocular pressure as a test for glaucoma. This procedure is called tonometry. The suffix -metry means a process of measuring.

5.70__A special microscope is used to examine eye structures. This procedure is called slit lamp.

5.71__ Recall that the suffix for surgical repair or reconstruction is -plasty. The surgical repair of an eyelid is termed blepharoplasty.

5.72__The combining fomr cry/o means cold. Recall that the operative suffix meaning suspension or fixation is -pexy. The operative procedure using intense cold to seal a hole in the retina is called cryoretinopexy, or simply cryopexy.

5.73__ The excision of a cloudy lens from the eye is called a cataract extraction. After the lens has been excised, an artificial lens may be implanted in a procedure called an intraocular lens (IOL) implant. The prefix intra- means within.

5.74__ Recall that darcyocyst means lacrimal sac, and that the surgical suffix for excision is -ectomy. Therefore, the term for excision of a lacrimal sac is dacryocystectomy.

5.75__ The excision of a portion of iris tissue is iridectomy.

5.76__The surgical suffix meaning incision is -tomy. An incision into the iris to allow drainage from the posterior chamber is called an iridotomy.

5.77__ The Latin word enucleo means to remove the kernel, such as the kernel of a nut. The medical term for removing an entire structure, such as the eyeball (or tumor), without rupturing it is enucleation.

5.78__The two combining forms referring to the cornea are corne/o and kerat/o, which also can mean hard. Combining the latter with the suffix for surgical repair or reconstruction yields this term for corneal transplant: keratoplasty.

5.79__ Lasers are used in many operative techniques to make incisions or destroy tissues. This is generally called laser surgery. A special technique using a laser to reshape the surface of the cornea is termed laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)

5.80__The term emulsification refers to breaking up a substance and distributing it through another substance, generally a liquid. A surgical procedure uses ultrasound to shatter and break up a cataract such that after emulsification, it can be removed by aspiration. This procedure is called phacoemulsification.

5.81__A surgical procedure to treat retinal detachment by placing a buckle-like band silicone around the sclera to cinch it toward the middle of the eye and relieve pull on the retina is simply called scleral buckling.

5.82__ The plastic lens that user fits over the cornea to correct refractive errors is called a contact lens.

5.83__Introduction of a medicated solution in the eye is called an eye installation, usually administered by a drop (gt) or drops (gtt) in the affected eye or eyes. Washing the eye with water or other fluids is called eye irrigation.

5.84__A solution composed of an antimicrobial agent in a fluid for treatment of bacterial eye infections is called an antibiotic ophthalmatic solution.

5.85__ The term mydriasis means dilation of the pupil. A therapeutic drug that causes dilation of the pupil for an eye examination is called a mydriatic agent.

5.86__In contrast, miosis means contraction of the pupil. A therapeutic drug that causes the pupil to contract is called a miotic agent.

5.87__ Cycl/o is a combining form referring either to a circle or ciliary body, a ring like structure in the eye that contains ciliary muscles. Recall from chapter 4 that -plegia is a suffix meaning paralysis. The term pertaining to an agent that paralyzes the ciliary muscle powers of accomidation during some eye examinations, using the adjective form of -plegia, is cycloplegic.

Write the definition:

  1. Myopia: (f) nearsightedness

  2. strabismus:(d) crosseyed

  3. presbyopia: (a) loss of accomodation due to old age

  4. astigmatism:(e) distorted vision

  5. hyperopia:(C) farsightedness

  6. amblyopia:(b) lazy eye

  1. Keratis=inflammation of the cornea

  2. dacryocystectomy= excision of a tear sac

  3. exophthalmos=protrusion of the eyeball

  4. blepharochalasis=baggy eyelids

  1. diplopia: double vision

  2. tonometer: Instrument to measure

  3. ectropion:outward turning of the rim of the eyelid

  4. scotoma:blind spot vision

  1. Pink eye: conjunctivitis

  2. Inflammation of the eyelid: blepharitis

  3. agent that causes dilation of the pupil: mydriatic

  4. clouding of the lens causing decreased vision: cataract

  5. Breakdown or thinning of the tissues in the macula lutea, resulting in partial or complete loss of central vision: macular degeneration

  6. involuntary, rapid oscillating movement of the eyeball: nystagmus

  1. eye: opt/o

  2. light: phot/o

  3. lens(lentil): phac/o

  4. tear: dacry/o

  5. eyelid: blephar/o

  1. Describe the refractive error noted in the subjective information:
    Difficulty seeing close object

  2. Which action on the part of the patient likely contributed to the condition?
    Not routinely wearing sunglasses

  3. Which ophthalmologic procedure is included in the plan?
    Use of a tabletop microscope to examine the eye, especially the cornea.

  4. How should the fluorometholone be administered?
    one drop every 4 hours

  5. When should the patient instill the artificial tears?
    only as needed

  6. What caused ptergium?
    ultraviolet exposure and drying

  7. What was the patient told about the pterygium?
    it is not dangerous