Chapter 1: Plants in Our Lives

Known as angiosperms, they are the most diverse group in the plant kingdom with more than 350,000 known species.
They are food staples (corn, rice, wheat). * With few exceptions all major food crops are angiosperms. * They also provide cloth, hardwood, herbs, spices, beverages, drugs, perfumes, vegetable oils, gums, and rubber.
Characterized by flowers and fruits. * Typically consists of sepals, petals, stamens, and one or more carpels (carpels and stamen are the reproductive parts).
Divided into 2 groups monocots and dicots based on anatomical differences. * Monocots consist of lilies, grasses, palms, and orchids. * Dicots consist of geraniums, roses, tomatoes, dandelions, and most broad-leaved trees.

Found in marine and freshwater habitats.
Most primitive members of the plant kingdom, but most have been classified in separate kingdoms now. * Only green algae remain.
These are used for industrial applications and food additives.
These may cause algal blooms which are contributed to nutrient pollution. * These cause harm to human and fish life.

Neither plant nor animal, this group serves as penicillin, edible mushrooms, and through fermentation the creating of beer, wine, cheese, and leavened bread.
Fungal diseases do ruin some crops however, the most serious diseases are caused by fungi.
Fungi generally have a threadlike body (mycelium) and reproduce through spores.
They are nonphotosynthetic organisms and get nutrients as saprobes (eat the dead) or as parasites of a living host.
Work as decomposers and may collaborate with other organisms like lichens (fungi + algae).
Chitin is the structural component of fungi.

Carbohydrates (sugars, cellulose, and starches) are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
Most carbs like glucose provide energy for cells or like cellulose provides structure.
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are glucose, galactose, and fructose.
Disaccharides are two sugar molecules bonded together such as sucrose (fructose + glucose). * Most sucrose comes from sugar cane or sugar beets. * Maltose (2 glucose) is a breakdown product of starch and is used to make beer.
Polysaccharides consist of many sugars bonded together such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

Proteins are composed of a linkage of multiple amino acids.
They are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur.
There are 20 amino acids that rearrange in different orders and configurations to make all the proteins.
Proteins are connected via peptide bonds.
They serve as enzymes, structural components, regulatory molecules, and transport molecules.

Lipids are composed of only Carbon and Hydrogen, (there may be small amounts of oxygen).
They are insoluble in water.
Include triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids.
They can be sources of energy (triglycerides), structural components (phospholipids and cholesterol), or hormones (steroids).
Triglycerides function as food reserves in many organisms.

Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus.
Composed of repeating units of nucleotides (sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base).
These are DNA and RNA which hold genetic code. * ^^DNA^^ is a double helix (double-stranded), deoxyribose sugar, that uses A, T, G, and C as bases. * ^^RNA^^ is single-stranded and uses ribose in the backbone, which uses A, U, G, and C as bases.