[ Cô Vũ Mai Phương ] Chắt lọc Từ vựng và cấu trúc quan trọng trong các đề thi thử trọng điểm 2025 (P1,2,3)
Page 1
Vocabulary List
abandon v. /əˈbændən/ - to give up completely
accessible adj. /əkˈsɛsəb(ə)l/ - able to be reached or approached
accomplishment n. /əˈkɒmplɪʃmənt/ - something achieved successfully
achievement n. /əˈtʃiːvmənt/ - a thing done successfully, typically by effort
advancement n. /ədˈvɑːnsmənt/ - the process of promoting a cause or plan
alliance n. /əˈlaɪəns/ - a union or association formed for mutual benefit
ambiance n. /æmˈbiːəns/ - the character and atmosphere of a place
ambitious adj. /æmˈbɪʃəs/ - having a strong desire for success or achievement
anticipate v. /ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt/ - regard as probable; expect or predict
assistance n. /əˈsɪstəns/ - help or support
augmented reality n. /ˈɔːɡmɛntɪd riˈæləti/ - an interactive experience that enhances the real world
awareness n. /əˈweənəs/ - knowledge or perception of a situation or fact
barrier n. /ˈbæriər/ - a circumstance or obstacle that prevents movement
biodegradable adj. /ˌbaɪoʊdɪˈɡreɪdəb(ə)l/ - capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms
biotechnology n. /ˌbaɪoʊˌtɛkˈnɒlədʒi/ - the use of living systems and organisms to develop products
blur v. /blɜːr/ - to make unclear or less distinct
chunk n. /tʃʌŋk/ - a thick solid piece of something
circular adj. /ˈsɜːkjʊlər/ - having the shape of a circle
collaborative adj. /kəˈlæbəreɪtɪv/ - produced or conducted by two or more parties working together
companion n. /kəmˈpænjən/ - a person or animal with whom one spends a lot of time
conscious adj. /ˈkɒnʃəs/ - aware of and responding to one's surroundings
crucial adj. /ˈkruːʃəl/ - decisive or critical, especially in the success or failure of something
dedication n. /ˌdɛdɪˈkeɪʃən/ - the quality of being committed to a task or purpose
degradation n. /ˌdɛɡrəˈdeɪʃən/ - the process of deteriorating or being degraded
deliberate adj. /dɪˈlɪbərət/ - done consciously and intentionally
displacement n. /dɪsˈpleɪsmənt/ - the moving of something from its place
diversity n. /daɪˈvɜːsəti/ - a range of different things
ecological footprint n. /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl ˈfʊtprɪnt/ - a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems
emerging adj. /ɪˈmɜːdʒɪŋ/ - becoming apparent or prominent
empathetic adj. /ˌɛmpəˈθɛtɪk/ - showing an ability to understand and share the feelings of another
empathy n. /ˈempəθi/ - the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
Page 2
Vocabulary List
endeavor v. /ɪnˈdevə(r)/ - to attempt earnestly
enhance v. /ɪnˈhɑːns/ - to improve the quality, value, or extent of something
envision v. /ɪnˈvɪʒn/ - to imagine as a future possibility
evolve v. /ɪˈvɒlv/ - to develop gradually
facilitate v. /fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/ - to make (an action or process) easy or easier
flexible adj. /ˈflɛksəbl/ - capable of bending easily without breaking
fluency n. /ˈfluːənsi/ - the ability to speak or write a language with ease
foundation n. /faʊnˈdeɪʃn/ - the lowest load-bearing part of a building, typically below ground level
fragrance n. /ˈfreɪɡrəns/ - a pleasant, sweet smell
frustration n. /frʌˈstreɪʃn/ - the feeling of being upset or annoyed as a result of being unable to change or achieve something
gamification n. /ˌɡeɪmɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ - the application of typical elements of game playing to other areas of activity
guardian n. /ˈɡɑːdiən/ - a person who protects or defends something
imperfect adj. /ɪmˈpɜːfɪkt/ - not perfect; having flaws or defects
incorporate v. /ɪnˈkɔːpəreɪt/ - to take in or contain as part of a whole
indifferent adj. /ɪnˈdɪfrənt/ - having no particular interest or concern; apathetic
informed adj. /ɪnˈfɔːmd/ - having or showing knowledge of a particular subject or situation
initiative n. /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ - the ability to assess and initiate things independently
instant adj. /ˈɪnstənt/ - happening or coming immediately
intuitive adj. /ɪnˈtjuːɪtɪv/ - using or based on what one feels to be true even without conscious reasoning
leaderboard n. /ˈliːdəbɔːd/ - a board for displaying the names of the leading competitors in a contest
leaflet n. /ˈliːflɪt/ - a printed sheet of paper, often folded, that contains information about something
mainstream adj. /ˈmeɪnstriːm/ - belonging to or characteristic of a widely accepted group
manageable adj. /ˈmænɪdʒəbl/ - able to be handled or controlled
marvel v. /ˈmɑːvəl/ - be filled with wonder or astonishment
meaningful adj. /ˈmiːnɪŋfl/ - having meaning or significance
methodology n. /ˌmeθəˈdɒlədʒi/ - a system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity
microlearning n. /ˈmaɪkrəʊlɜːrnɪŋ/ - an educational approach of delivering content in small, very specific bursts
minimize v. /ˈmɪnɪmaɪz/ - to reduce something to the smallest possible amount or degree
mitigate v. /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/ - to make less severe, serious, or painful
oblivious adj. /əˈblɪviəs/ - not aware of or not concerned about what is happening around one
optimistic adj. /ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/ - hopeful and confident about the future
optimize v. /ˈɒptɪmaɪz/ - to make the best or most effective use of a situation or resource
personalized adj. /ˈpɜːsənəlaɪzd/ - made or done specially for a particular person
prioritize v. /ˈpraɪəraɪz/ - to decide the order of importance for tasks
processor n. /ˈprəʊsesə(r)/ - a machine or a computer component that performs calculations and processes data
profound adj. /prəˈfaʊnd/ - very great or intense
prohibit v. /prəˈhɪbɪt/ - to formally forbid something by law, rule, or other authority
prominent adj. /ˈprɒmɪnənt/ - important; famous
reasonable adj. /ˈriːznəbl/ - having sound judgment; fair and sensible
resolution n. /ˌrezəˈluːʃn/ - a firm decision to do or not to do something
revolutionize v. /ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz/ - to change (something) radically or fundamentally
rewarding adj. /rɪˈwɔːdɪŋ/ - providing satisfaction; gratifying
sacrifice v. /ˈsækrɪfaɪs/ - to give up something valued for the sake of something else
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Vocabulary List
seamlessly adv. /ˈsiːmləsli/ - smoothly and continuously, without gaps
spectacle n. /ˈspektəkl/ - a visually striking performance or display
speculation n. /ˌspekjuˈleɪʃn/ - the forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence
stylish adj. /ˈstaɪlɪʃ/ - fashionable and attractive
thrive v. /θraɪv/ - to grow or develop successfully
transformation n. /ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn/ - a thorough or dramatic change
undergo v. /ˌʌndəˈɡəʊ/ - to go through or endure something
unfamiliar adj. /ˌʌnfəˈmɪliər/ - not known or recognized
unique adj. /juˈniːk/ - being the only one of its kind
unveil v. /ʌnˈveɪl/ - to remove a veil or covering from
vital adj. /ˈvaɪtl/ - absolutely necessary or important; essential
worthwhile adj. /ˈwɜːθwaɪl/ - worth the time, effort, or money spent
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Vocabulary List
prioritize v. /praɪˈɒrətaɪz/ - to arrange or deal with in order of importance
burnout n. /ˈbɜːnaʊt/ - physical or mental collapse caused by overwork or stress
dedicate v. /ˈdedɪkeɪt/ - to devote time or effort to a particular task
meditation n. /medɪˈteɪʃn/ - the action or practice of meditating
nutrition n. /njuˈtrɪʃn/ - the process of obtaining the food necessary for health and growth
resilience n. /rɪˈzɪliəns/ - the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness
adventurous adj. /ədˈventʃərəs/ - willing to take risks or to try out new methods
hydrated adj. /ˈhaɪdreɪtɪd/ - provided with adequate water or moisture
demanding adj. /dɪˈmɑːndɪŋ/ - requiring much effort or attention
fatigue n. /fəˈtiːɡ/ - extreme tiredness, typically resulting from mental or physical exertion
appetite n. /ˈæpɪtaɪt/ - physical desire for food
digestion n. /daɪˈdʒestʃən/ - the process of breaking down food
sedative n. /ˈsedətɪv/ - a drug taken for its calming or sleep-inducing effect
stimulant n. /ˈstɪmjələnt/ - an agent that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity
dementia n. /dɪˈmenʃə/ - chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease
drainage n. /ˈdreɪnɪdʒ/ - the system by which water or waste liquid is drained from an area
widespread adj. /ˈwaɪdspred/ - found or distributed over a large area or number of people
utensil n. /juːˈtensl/ - an implement, container, or tool used for a particular purpose
decompose v. /diːkəmˈpəʊz/ - to break down or cause to break down into component parts
discard v. /dɪsˈkɑːd/ - to get rid of something that is no longer useful or desirable
consistent adj. /kənˈsɪstənt/ - acting or done in the same way over time
substantial adj. /səbˈstænʃl/ - of considerable importance, size, or worth
transform v. /trænsˈfɔːm/ - to make a thorough or dramatic change
mitigate v. /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/ - to make less severe, serious, or painful
genuine adj. /ˈdʒenjuɪn/ - truly what something is said to be; authentic
compensation n. /kɒmpenˈseɪʃn/ - something, typically money, awarded to someone in recompense for loss, injury, or suffering
accountability n. /əkaʊntəˈbɪləti/ - the fact or condition of being accountable; responsibility
resolve v. /rɪˈzɒlv/ - to settle or find a solution to
courage n. /ˈkʌrɪdʒ/ - the ability to do something that frightens one; bravery
maturity n. /məˈtʃʊərəti/ - the state of being fully grown or developed
heartfelt adj. /ˈhɑːtfelt/ - expressing feelings of sympathy or gratitude
overlay v. /əʊvəˈleɪ/ - to cover something with a layer of something else
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Vocabulary List
unimaginable adj. /ʌnɪˈmædʒɪnəbl/ - not able to be imagined or thought of
engagement n. /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt/ - a formal agreement to get married; the action of engaging or being engaged
dissect v. /dɪˈsekt/ - to cut up a body, plant, or other object to study it
immersive adj. /ɪˈmɜːsɪv/ - providing a completely engaging experience
holographic adj. /hɒləˈɡræfɪk/ - relating to or denoting a three-dimensional image
accessible adj. /əkˈsesəbl/ - able to be reached or entered
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Vocabulary List
abnormally adv. /æbˈnɔː.mə.li/ - in a manner that deviates from what is normal
abuse v/n. /əˈbjuːz/ - to use something to bad effect; cruel treatment
adversely adv. /ˈæd.vɜːs.li/ - in a way that prevents success
adversity n. /ədˈvɜː.sɪ.ti/ - hardship; misfortune
aggressively adv. /əˈɡres.ɪv.li/ - in a forceful, hostile manner
allergy n. /ˈæl.ə.dʒi/ - a condition in which the immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance
annual adj. /ˈæn.ju.əl/ - occurring once every year
apology n. /əˈpɒl.ə.dʒi/ - a regretful acknowledgment of an offense or failure
assign v. /əˈsaɪn/ - to allocate a task or a duty to someone
biotechnology n. /ˌbaɪ.oʊ.tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/ - the use of biological processes to develop products
bribe v/n. /braɪb/ - to illegally persuade someone to act in one's favor
capability n. /ˌkeɪ.pəˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/ - the ability or power to do something
coexist v. /ˌkəʊ.ɪɡˈzɪst/ - to exist together in the same time or space
commercialization n. /kəˌmɜː.ʃə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ - the process of managing or running a business
commonplace adj. /ˈkɒm.ən.pleɪs/ - not unusual; ordinary
corruption n. /kəˈrʌp.ʃən/ - dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power
critical adj. /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.kəl/ - expressing adverse or disapproving comments or judgments
degradation n. /ˌdeɡ.rəˈdeɪ.ʃən/ - the process of degrading or being degraded
disruption n. /dɪsˈrʌp.ʃən/ - disturbance or problems that interrupt an event, activity, or process
disturbance n. /dɪˈstɜː.bəns/ - the interruption of a settled and peaceful condition
drowsy adj. /ˈdraʊ.zi/ - sleepy or lethargic
excessively adv. /ɪkˈses.ɪv.li/ - to a greater degree than is necessary
fauna n. /ˈfɔː.nə/ - the animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period
flora n. /ˈflɔː.rə/ - the plants of a particular region or period
fragile adj. /ˈfrædʒ.aɪl/ - easily broken or damaged
hands-on adj. /ˌhændzˈɒn/ - involving or allowing active participation
hesitate v. /ˈhez.ɪ.teɪt/ - to pause before saying or doing something
inadvertently adv. /ˌɪn.ədˈvɜː.tənt.li/ - without intention; accidentally
inherent adj. /ɪnˈhɪə.rənt/ - existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute
instill v. /ɪnˈstɪl/ - to gradually but firmly establish an idea or attitude in a person's mind
instinct n. /ˈɪn.stɪŋkt/ - an innate and natural impulse
internship n. /ˈɪn.tɜːn.ʃɪp/ - a period of work experience offered by an organization for a limited period of time
irreversible adj. /ˌɪr.ɪˈvɜː.sə.bl/ - not able to be undone or altered
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Vocabulary List
irritable adj. /ˈɪr.ɪ.tə.bl/ - having or showing a tendency to be easily annoyed
karst n. /kɑːst/ - a landscape underlain by limestone that has been eroded
lush adj. /lʌʃ/ - very rich and providing great sensory pleasure
over-the-counter adj. /ˌəʊ.və.ðəˈkaʊn.tər/ - sold without a prescription
polio n. /ˈpəʊ.li.əʊ/ - a viral disease affecting the central nervous system
postgraduate adj. /ˌpəʊstˈɡrædʒ.u.ət/ - relating to studies undertaken after earning a bachelor's degree
prescription n. /prɪˈskrɪp.ʃən/ - an instruction written by a medical practitioner that authorizes a patient to be issued a medicine
prohibit v. /prəˈhɪb.ɪt/ - to formally forbid something by law, rule, or other authority
prominent adj. /ˈprɒmɪnənt/ - important or famous
qualify v. /ˈkwɒl.ɪ.faɪ/ - to be entitled to a particular benefit or privilege by fulfilling a necessary condition
repay v. /rɪˈpeɪ/ - to pay back a sum of money
resilience n. /rɪˈzɪl.jəns/ - the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties or toughness
round-the-clock adj. /ˌraʊnd.ðəˈklɒk/ - happening all the time or continuously
sanctuary n. /ˈsæŋk.tʃu.əri/ - a place of refuge or safety
scam n. /skæm/ - a dishonest scheme; a fraud
severe adj. /sɪˈvɪə(r)/ - very great or intense
tolerate v. /ˈtɒl.ə.reɪt/ - to allow the existence, occurrence, or practice of something
undergo v. /ˌʌn.dəˈɡəʊ/ - to experience or be subjected to something, typically something unpleasant
undergraduate adj. /ˌʌn.dəˈɡrædʒ.u.ət/ - relating to a student who has not yet earned a degree
undisturbed adj. /ˌʌn.dɪˈstɜːbd/ - not disturbed; quiet and peaceful
unethical adj. /ʌnˈeθ.ɪ.kəl/ - not morally correct
unintended adj. /ˌʌn.ɪnˈten.dɪd/ - not done on purpose
unwelcoming adj. /ˌʌn.ˈwel.kəm.ɪŋ/ - unfriendly or inhospitable
utilize v. /ˈjuː.tɪ.laɪz/ - to make practical and effective use of something
utmost adj. /ˈʌt.məʊst/ - most extreme; greatest
vital adj. /ˈvaɪ.təl/ - absolutely necessary or important
vocational adj. /vəʊˈkeɪ.ʃən.əl/ - relating to an occupation or employment
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Vocabulary List
thermostat n. /ˈθɜːrməstæt/ - a device that automatically regulates temperature
unplug v. /ˌʌnˈplʌɡ/ - to remove a plug from a socket
inspiring adj. /ɪnˈspaɪərɪŋ/ - having the effect of inspiring someone
motivated adj. /ˈmoʊtɪveɪtɪd/ - having a strong reason to act or accomplish something
demanding adj. /dɪˈmændɪŋ/ - requiring a lot of effort
rewarding adj. /rɪˈwɔːrdɪŋ/ - providing satisfaction or enjoyment
reputation n. /ˌrepjəˈteɪʃən/ - the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something
sharpen v. /ˈʃɑːrpən/ - to make or become sharp
diverse adj. /daɪˈvɜːrs/ - showing a great deal of variety
specialist n. /ˈspeʃəlɪst/ - a person who is an expert in a particular field
professionally adv. /prəˈfeʃənəli/ - in a manner that conforms to the standards of a profession
boost v. /buːst/ - to increase or improve something
genre n. /ˈʒɒnrə/ - a category of art, music, or literature
accessibility n. /ˌæksesɪˈbɪləti/ - the quality of being easy to obtain or use
loyalty n. /ˈlɔɪəlti/ - a strong feeling of support or allegiance
burnout n. /ˈbɜːrnaʊt/ - physical or mental collapse caused by overwork or stress
consistent adj. /kənˈsɪstənt/ - acting or done in the same way over time
continually adv. /kənˈtɪnjʊəli/ - happening without interruption
innovate v. /ˈɪnəveɪt/ - to make changes in something established by introducing something new
differentiate v. /ˌdɪfəˈrenʃieɪt/ - to recognize or ascertain what makes something different
Page 9
Vocabulary List
self-driving adj. /ˌself ˈdraɪvɪŋ/ - capable of driving itself
momentum n. /məˈmentəm/ - the force that keeps an object moving
prioritize v. /praɪˈɔːrətaɪz/ - to arrange or deal with in order of importance
surroundings n. /səˈraʊndɪŋz/ - the area around a person or thing
optimization n. /ˌɒptɪmaɪˈzeɪʃən/ - the action of making something as effective or functional as possible
remarkable adj. /rɪˈmɑːrkəbl/ - worthy of being noticed; extraordinary
real-time adj. /ˈriːəl taɪm/ - relating to or denoting a process that is processed at the same time as the information is produced
efficiency n. /ɪˈfɪʃənsi/ - the state or quality of being efficient
evolve v. /ɪˈvɒlv/ - to develop gradually
widespread adj. /ˈwaɪdspred/ - found or distributed over a large area
adoption n. /əˈdɒpʃən/ - the action of adopting something or someone
revolutionize v. /ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz/ - to change something radically or fundamentally
reshape v. /ˌriːˈʃeɪp/ - to shape (something) again or differently
navigate v. /ˈnævɪɡeɪt/ - to plan and direct the course of a journey
fundamentally adv. /ˌfʌndəˈmentəli/ - in the most basic and important ways
obstacle n. /ˈɒbstəkl/ - something that blocks one’s way
cultivate v. /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ - to prepare and use land for crops or gardening
enthusiast n. /ɪnˈθjuːziæst/ - a person who is very interested in a particular subject or activity
extraordinary adj. /ɪkˈstrɔːrdəneri/ - very unusual or remarkable
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Vocabulary List
outdated adj. /ˈaʊtˌdeɪtɪd/ - old-fashioned; no longer useful
innovative adj. /ˈɪnəvətɪv/ - introducing new ideas; original and creative in thinking
outshine v. /ˌaʊtˈʃaɪn/ - to be much better than someone or something
processor n. /ˈprəʊsesə/ - a machine, especially a computer, that processes data
long-lasting adj. /ˈlɒŋ ˈlæstɪŋ/ - enduring or continuing for a long time
exclusive adj. /ɪkˈskluːsɪv/ - restricted to a particular group or individual
prioritize v. /praɪˈɒrɪtaɪz/ - to designate or treat something as more important than other things
cherished adj. /ˈtʃerɪʃt/ - to hold something dear
cutting-edge adj. /ˈkʌtɪŋ ˈeʤ/ - at the forefront of new development or innovation
capture v. /ˈkæptʃər/ - to take possession or control of something
clarity n. /ˈklærəti/ - the quality of being clear, in particular the quality of coherence and intelligibility
grapple v. /ˈɡræpl/ - to struggle, especially to overcome a difficulty
degradation n. /ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃən/ - the process of degrading or being degraded
vital adj. /ˈvaɪtl/ - absolutely necessary or important; essential
approach n. /əˈprəʊtʃ/ - a way of dealing with something
sustainability n. /sʌsˌteɪnəˈbɪləti/ - the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level
involve v. /ɪnˈvɒlv/ - to have as a necessary part or result
minimize v. /ˈmɪn.ɪ.maɪz/ - to reduce something to the smallest possible amount
promote v. /prəˈməʊt/ - to further the progress of something, especially a cause, venture, or aim
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Vocabulary List
interconnected adj. /ˌɪntəkəˈnektɪd/ - connected with each other
multiculturalism n. /ˌmʌltɪˈkʌltjʊrəlɪzəm/ - the presence of, or support for the presence of, multiple cultural groups within a society
coexistence n. /ˌkəʊɪɡˈzɪstəns/ - the state of living in harmony despite different ideologies or interests
ethnic adj. /ˈeθnɪk/ - relating to a population subgroup with a common national or cultural tradition
religious adj. /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/ - relating to or believing in a religion
enrich v. /ɪnˈrɪʧ/ - to enhance the quality or value of something
inclusive adj. /ɪnˈkluːsɪv/ - including all the services or items normally expected
prejudice n. /ˈpredʒʊdɪs/ - preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
arise v. /əˈraɪz/ - to emerge; to become apparent
problem-solving n. /ˈprɒbləm ˈsɒlvɪŋ/ - the process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues
overwhelmed adj. /ˌəʊvərˈwelmd/ - feeling buried or too much to handle
accomplish v. /əˈkʌmplɪʃ/ - to achieve or complete successfully
steady adj. /ˈstedi/ - firmly fixed, supported, or balanced
commitment n. /kəˈmɪtmənt/ - the state or quality of being dedicated to a cause or activity
preservation n. /ˌprezəˈveɪʃən/ - the act of maintaining something in its original state
regional adj. /ˈriːdʒənl/ - relating to or characteristic of a region
cuisine n. /kwɪˈziːn/ - a style of cooking associated with a particular culture
ritual n. /ˈrɪtʃuəl/ - a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order
feast n. /fiːst/ - a large meal, typically one in celebration of something
Page 12
Vocabulary List
adaptability n. /əˌdæp.təˈbɪl.ə.ti/ - the ability to adjust to new conditions
advancement n. /ədˈvɑːns.mənt/ - the process of promoting or progressing in a particular direction
amplify v. /ˈæm.plɪ.faɪ/ - to make something louder
anticipate v. /ænˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/ - to regard as probable; expect or predict
appealing adj. /əˈpiː.lɪŋ/ - attractive or interesting
application n. /ˌæp.lɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ - a formal request to an authority for something
attire n. /əˈtaɪə/ - clothes, especially fine or formal ones
bustling adj. /ˈbʌs.lɪŋ/ - full of energetic and noisy activity
carbon emissions n. /ˈkɑː.bən ɪˈmɪʃ.ənz/ - carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere
clash n. /klæʃ/ - a violent confrontation; to come into conflict
competitive adj. /kəmˈpet.ɪ.tɪv/ - relating to or characterized by competition
complicate v. /ˈkɒm.plɪ.keɪt/ - to make more difficult
comprehension n. /ˌkɒm.prɪˈhen.ʃən/ - the ability to understand something
confined adj. /kənˈfaɪnd/ - restricted in area or volume; cramped
conflict n. /ˈkɒn.flɪkt/ - a serious disagreement or argument
constructive adj. /kənˈstrʌk.tɪv/ - serving a useful purpose; tending to build up
consultant n. /kənˈsʌl.tənt/ - a person who provides expert advice professionally
cosmos n. /ˈkɒz.mɒs/ - the universe seen as a well-ordered whole
crucial adj. /ˈkruː.ʃəl/ - of great importance
cultural exchange n. /ˌkʌl.tʃər.əl ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ/ - the sharing of ideas, traditions, and customs between cultures
Page 13
Vocabulary List
erode v. /ɪˈrəʊd/ - to gradually wear away
erosion n. /ɪˈrəʊ.ʒən/ - the process of eroding or being eroded
evolve v. /ɪˈvɒlv/ - to develop gradually
exacerbate v. /ɪɡˈzæs.ə.beɪt/ - to make a problem worse
exploration n. /ˌek.spləˈreɪ.ʃən/ - the action of traveling in or through an unfamiliar area
expose v. /ɪkˈspəʊz/ - to make something visible to others
extend v. /ɪkˈstend/ - to increase in area, length, or duration
facilitate v. /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪt/ - to make an action or process easy or easier
facilitation n. /fəˌsɪl.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/ - the process of making something easier
fantastic adj. /fænˈtæs.tɪk/ - extraordinarily good or attractive
foster v. /ˈfɒs.tə/ - to encourage the development of something
fuel n/v. /ˈfjuː.əl/ - material that is burned to produce energy; to supply someone or something with energy
futuristic adj. /ˌfjuː.tʃəˈrɪs.tɪk/ - having or involving very modern technology or design
gig economy n. /ɡɪɡ ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi/ - a labor market characterized by short-term contracts or freelance work
graduate v/n. /ˈɡrædʒ.u.eɪt/ - to successfully complete an academic degree
grand adj. /ɡrænd/ - magnificent and imposing in appearance
harmonious adj. /hɑːˈməʊ.ni.əs/ - forming a pleasing or consistent whole
harmony n. /ˈhɑː.mə.ni/ - the combination of simultaneously sounded musical notes to produce a pleasing effect
harness v. /ˈhɑː.nəs/ - to control and make use of something
Page 14
Vocabulary List
migrant n. /ˈmaɪ.ɡrənt/ - a person who moves from one place to another
migration n. /maɪˈɡreɪ.ʃən/ - seasonal movement of animals from one region to another
millennials n. /mɪˈlen.i.əlz/ - the generation of people born between 1981 and 1996
mismatch n. /ˈmɪs.mætʃ/ - a failure to match; a contrast
misunderstanding n. /ˌmɪs.ʌn.dəˈstæn.dɪŋ/ - a failure to understand something correctly
must-visit n. /ˈmʌst ˌvɪz.ɪt/ - a place that is highly recommended to visit
mutual adj. /ˈmjuː.tʃu.əl/ - feeling, showing, or done equally by two or more parties
mythology n. /mɪˈθɒl.ə.dʒi/ - a collection of myths, especially one belonging to a particular religious or cultural tradition
navigation n. /ˌnæv.ɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ - the process or activity of accurately ascertaining one's position and planning and following a route
necessitate v. /nɪˈses.ɪ.teɪt/ - to make something necessary as a result or consequence
networking n. /ˈnet.wɜː.kɪŋ/ - the action or process of interacting with others to exchange information and develop professional or social contacts
obstacle n. /ˈɒb.stə.kəl/ - a thing that blocks one's way
overlook v. /ˌəʊ.vəˈlʊk/ - to fail to notice something
perspective n. /pəˈspek.tɪv/ - a particular attitude towards or way of regarding something
photography n. /fəˈtɒɡrəfi/ - the art or practice of taking and processing photographs
Page 15
Vocabulary List
traffic congestion n. /ˈtræf.ɪk kənˈdʒes.tʃən/ - a situation in which there is too much traffic for the roads to handle
tranquil adj. /ˈtræŋ.kwɪl/ - free from disturbance; calm
tutorial video n. /tjuːˈtɔːrɪəl ˈvɪdɪəʊ/ - a video that teaches how to do something
uncertainty n. /ʌnˈsɜː.tən.ti/ - the state of being uncertain
unchangeable adj. /ˌʌnˈtʃeɪn.dʒə.bəl/ - not able to be changed
undermine v. /ˌʌn.dəˈmaɪn/ - to damage or weaken (someone or something), especially gradually or secretly
unique adj. /juːˈniːk/ - being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else
unparalleled adj. /ʌnˈpær.ə.leld/ - unequaled; unmatched
vibrancy n. /ˈvaɪ.brən.si/ - the quality of being full of energy and enthusiasm
vibrant adj. /ˈvaɪ.brənt/ - full of energy and life
witness v. /ˈwɪt.nəs/ - to see an event, typically a crime or accident, take place
Page 16
Vocabulary List
process n. /ˈprəʊ.ses/ - a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end
phenomenon n. /fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/ - a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause is in question
accelerate v. /əkˈsel.ə.reɪt/ - to increase in speed
prospect n. /ˈprɒs.pekt/ - the possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring
infrastructure n. /ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər/ - the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society
sustainable adj. /səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl/ - able to be maintained at a certain rate or level
concentration n. /ˌkɒn.sənˈtreɪ.ʃən/ - the action or power of focusing one's attention or mental effort
sufficient adj. /səˈfɪʃ.ənt/ - adequate quantity, quality, or degree; enough
superior adj. /suːˈpɪə.ri.ər/ - higher in rank, status, or quality
advanced adj. /ədˈvɑːnst/ - far on in development or progression
inadequate adj. /ɪˈnæd.ɪ.kwət/ - lacking the quality or quantity required; insufficient for a purpose
debut n. /ˈdeɪ.bju/ - a person's first appearance or performance in a particular capacity
mimic v. /ˈmɪm.ɪk/ - to imitate (someone or their actions)
artificial adj. /ˌɑː.tɪˈfɪʃ.əl/ - made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally
sensor n. /ˈsen.sər/ - a device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or responds to it
evolve v. /ɪˈvɒlv/ - to develop gradually
unprecedented adj. /ʌnˈpres.ɪ.den.tɪd/ - never done or known before
commercial adj. /kəˈmɜː.ʃəl/ - relating to or engaged in commerce
automation n. /ˌɔː.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/ - the use of largely automatic equipment in a system of manufacturing or other production process
project n. /ˈprɒdʒ.ekt/ - an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and designed to achieve a particular aim
Page 17
Vocabulary List
intermittent adj. /ˌɪn.təˈmɪt.ənt/ - occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous or steady
consistent adj. /kənˈsɪs.tənt/ - acting or done in the same way over time
long-term adj. /ˌlɒŋˈtɜːm/ - occurring over a prolonged period
acknowledge v. /əkˈnɒl.ɪdʒ/ - to accept or admit the existence or truth of something
diminish v. /dɪˈmɪn.ɪʃ/ - to make or become less
crisis n. /ˈkraɪ.sɪs/ - a time of intense difficulty or danger
release v. /rɪˈliːs/ - to set free from restraint, confinement, or servitude
turbine n. /ˈtɜː.baɪn/ - a machine for producing continuous power in which a wheel or rotor is moved by a fast stream of water, steam, gas, or air
upgrade v. /ʌpˈɡreɪd/ - to raise something to a higher standard; improve
accommodate v. /əˈkɒm.ə.deɪt/ - to provide lodging or sufficient space for
constant adj. /ˈkɒn.stənt/ - occurring continuously over a period of time
abundant adj. /əˈbʌn.dənt/ - existing or available in large quantities; plentiful
cuisine n. /kwɪˈziːn/ - a style or method of cooking
myriad adj. /ˈmɪr.i.əd/ - countless or extremely great in number
comprehensive adj. /ˌkɒm.prɪˈhen.sɪv/ - covering completely or broadly; inclusive
professional adj. /prəˈfeʃ.ən.əl/ - relating to or connected with a profession
harmony n. /ˈhɑː.mə.ni/ - the combination of simultaneously sounded musical notes to produce a pleasing effect
cultivate v. /ˈkʌl.tɪ.veɪt/ - to prepare and use land for crops or gardening
Page 18
Vocabulary List
transform v. /trænsˈfɔːm/ - to make a thorough or dramatic change
blend n. /blend/ - a mixture of different things
thermostat n. /ˈθɜː.mə.stæt/ - a device that automatically regulates temperature
automatically adv. /ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪ.kəl.i/ - without conscious thought or effort
automation n. /ˌɔː.təˈmeɪ.ʃən/ - the use of largely automatic equipment in a system of manufacturing or other production processes
reap v. /riːp/ - to obtain a return or reward for work
innovative adj. /ˈɪn.ə.və.tɪv/ - featuring new methods; advanced and original
innovation n. /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ - the action or process of innovating
innovate v. /ˈɪn.ə.veɪt/ - to make changes in something established by introducing something new
wood n. /wʊd/ - the hard fibrous material that makes up the tree trunk
effort n. /ˈef.ət/ - a vigorous or determined attempt
escape v. /ɪˈskeɪp/ - to break free from confinement or control
diminish v. /dɪˈmɪn.ɪʃ/ - to make or become less
deteriorate v. / dɪˈtɪə.ri.ə.reɪt/ - to become progressively worse
thrive v. /θraɪv/ - to prosper; to flourish
reservation n. /ˌrez.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ - an arrangement to secure accommodations in advance
instrument n. /ˈɪn.strə.mənt/ - a tool or implement, especially one for precision work
collaborate v. /kəˈlæb.ə.reɪt/ - to work jointly with others
conscious adj. /ˈkɒn.ʃəs/ - aware of and responding to one’s surroundings
passion n. /ˈpæʃ.ən/ - a strong and barely controllable emotion
Page 19
Vocabulary List
syndrome n. /ˈsɪn.drəʊm/ - a group of symptoms that together are characteristic of a specific disorder or disease
liver n. /ˈlɪv.ər/ - a large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates
wary adj. /ˈweə.ri/ - feeling or showing caution about possible dangers
raptor n. /ˈræp.tər/ - a bird of prey
crow n. /krəʊ/ - a large, typically glossy black bird
predator n. /ˈpred.ə.tər/ - an animal that preys on others
prey n. /preɪ/ - an animal that is hunted and killed by another for food
forage v. /ˈfɒr.ɪdʒ/ - to search for and gather food or provisions
antelope n. /ˈæn.tɪ.ləʊp/ - a fast-running deer-like creature with long legs
detect v. /dɪˈtekt/ - to discover or identify the presence or existence of
flee v. /fliː/ - to run away from a place or situation of danger
defensive adj. /dɪˈfen.sɪv/ - used or intended to defend or protect
camouflage v. /ˈkæm.ə.flɑːʒ/ - to conceal or disguise the presence of
bumblebee n. /ˈbʌm.bəl.biː/ - a large, hairy bee that collects pollen from flowers
vulnerable adj. /ˈvʌl.nər.ə.bəl/ - susceptible to physical or emotional harm
attack n. /əˈtæk/ - the act of physically harming someone or something
dwarfed adj. /dwɔːfd/ - made to seem smaller or less important
distinguish v. /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/ - to recognize or ascertain what makes something different
minimize v. /ˈmɪn.ɪ.maɪz/ - to reduce something to the smallest possible amount
adjustment n. /əˈdʒʌst.mənt/ - a small alteration or movement made to achieve a desired fit
fundamental adj. /ˌfʌn.dəˈmen.təl/ - forming a necessary base or core; of central importance
landfill n. /ˈlænd.fɪl/ - a site for the disposal of waste materials
reliance n. /rɪˈlaɪ.əns/ - dependence on or trust in someone or something
component n. /kəmˈpəʊ.nənt/ - a part or element of a larger whole
pesticide n. /ˈpes.tɪ.saɪd/ - a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants
Page 20
Vocabulary List
allow somebody to do something - to permit someone to take an action
five miles/ten feet etc away - measuring distance from a particular point
cut down - to fell, cut down trees or otherwise reduce a quantity
take action - to do something in order to achieve a specific result
depend on somebody/something - to rely on someone or something for support or help
pull down something - to demolish or take something down
sit back - to adopt a relaxed position or attitude
take over something - to gain control or responsibility for something
make up something - to invent a story, excuse, or a lie
get the hang of something - to learn how to do something well
focus on something - to concentrate attention or effort on a particular thing
participate in something - to take part in something
suffer from something - to experience pain, distress, or hardship
infect somebody with something - to contaminate someone with a virus or disease
keep an eye on something - to watch something cautiously or attentively
better-safe-than-sorry - better to be cautious than to be sorry later
Page 21
Vocabulary List
vendor n. /ˈven.dər/ - a person or company offering something for sale
repercussion n. /ˌriː.pəˈkʌʃ.ən/ - an unintended consequence of an event
precious adj. /ˈpreʃ.əs/ - of great value; not to be wasted or treated carelessly
retailer n. /ˈriː.teɪ.lər/ - a person or business that sells goods to the public
blissfully adv. /ˈblɪs.fəl.i/ - in a manner that is full of joy
hygienic adj. /haɪˈdʒiː.nɪk/ - clean and sanitary, promoting health
staggering adj. /ˈstæɡ.ər.ɪŋ/ - deeply shocking; astonishing
exacerbate v. /ɪɡˈzæs.ə.beɪt/ - to make a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling worse
landfill n. /ˈlænd.fɪl/ - a site for the disposal of waste materials
infuse v. /ɪnˈfjuːz/ - to steep a solid in a liquid to extract soluble constituents
ingest v. /ɪnˈdʒest/ - to take food or drink into the body
victim n. /ˈvɪk.tɪm/ - a person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime
intact adj. /ɪnˈtækt/ - not damaged or impaired in any way
decomposition n. /ˌdiː.kɒm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/ - the process of rotting or breaking down
biodegradable adj. /ˌbaɪ.əʊ.dɪˈɡreɪ.də.bəl/ - capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms
witness v. /ˈwɪt.nəs/ - to see an event, typically a crime or accident, take place
diminish v. /dɪˈmɪn.ɪʃ/ - to make or become less
composer n. /kəmˈpəʊ.zər/ - a person who writes music
tragic adj. /ˈtrædʒ.ɪk/ - causing or characterized by extreme distress or sorrow
sophistication n. /səˌfɪs.tɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ - the quality of being sophisticated or complex
elaborate adj. /iˈlæb.ər.ət/ - involving many careful details; complex
desire n. /dɪˈzaɪər/ - a strong feeling of wanting to have something or wishing for something to happen
betrayal n. /bɪˈtreɪ.əl/ - the action of betraying one's country, a group, or a person; treachery
embrace v. /ɪmˈbreɪs/ - to hold someone closely in one’s arms as a way of expressing affection
Page 22
Vocabulary List
fragmented adj. /fræɡˈmen.tɪd/ - broken or divided into parts
flawless adj. /ˈflɔː.ləs/ - without any flaws; perfect
intrude v. /ɪnˈtruːd/ - to put oneself deliberately into a place or situation where one is unwelcome
disturbance n. /dɪˈstɜː.bəns/ - the interruption of a settled and peaceful condition
incident n. /ˈɪn.sɪ.dənt/ - an event or occurrence, especially one that is unusual or important
intervention n. /ˌɪn.təˈven.ʃən/ - the action of coming between so as to prevent or alter a result or course of events
skepticism n. /ˈskep.tɪ.sɪ.zəm/ - a skeptical attitude; doubt as to the truth of something
implement v. /ˈɪm.plɪ.ment/ - to put a decision, plan, or agreement into effect
compensation n. /ˌkɒm.penˈseɪ.ʃən/ - something, typically money, awarded to someone in recompense for loss, injury, or suffering
adequate adj. /ˈæd.ə.kwət/ - satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity
financial adj. /faɪˈnæn.ʃəl/ - relating to money management
integrate v. /ˈɪn.tɪ.ɡreɪt/ - to combine one thing with another to form a whole
stakeholder n. /ˈsteɪkˌhəʊl.dər/ - a person with an interest or concern in something
viability n. /ˌvaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/ - the ability to work successfully
steady adj. /ˈsted.i/ - firmly fixed, supported, or balanced
mechanism n. /ˈmek.ə.nɪ.zəm/ - a system of parts working together in a machine; a piece of machinery
infrastructure n. /ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər/ - the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise
eliminate v. /iˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/ - to remove or get rid of something
conflict n. /ˈkɒn.flɪkt/ - a serious disagreement or argument
offensive adj. /əˈfen.sɪv/ - causing someone to feel hurt, angry, or upset
derogatory adj. /dɪˈrɒɡ.ə.tər.i/ - showing a critical or disrespectful attitude
reception n. /rɪˈsep.ʃən/ - the act of receiving something or a social gathering
dessert n. /dɪˈzɜːt/ - a course that concludes a meal
diabetes n. /ˌdaɪ.əˈbiː.tiːz/ - a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high
enamel n. /ɪˈnæm.əl/ - a glassy substance used for coating metal
beverage n. /ˈbev.ər.ɪdʒ/ - any drinkable liquid
flexible adj. /ˈflek.sə.bəl/ - capable of bending easily without breaking
hassle n. /ˈhæs.əl/ - a situation that causes difficulty or trouble
authentic adj. /ɔːˈθen.tɪk/ - genuine; not false or copied