Chapter 13 -

Chapter 13:

• Europe in the 17th century

  • scientific revolution: relied on math, observation, and practical experiments

  • politics, religion , war: long standing conflicts resolved

  • colonies: europeans expand overseas

  • capitalism = money = arts

• Renaissance to Baroque

  • baroque period = diversity of styles; Baroque term = the dramatic baroque

    • music becomes centered in opera, with new intensity in emotions. new concept of “the public”

aria = strophic

through composed = repeated elements,

Chapter 14:

• opera: quintessential art of the 17th cemtury

  • origins

    • Florence Italy late renaissance (1580s) creates opera

    • renaissance antecedents

      • pastoral drama: plays in verse, music, and songs interspersed

        • mythology,

      • madrigal: madrigals grouped in series (cycle) or comedy

        • emotion and drama through text

      • intermedio: musical interlude on pastoral, allegorical, or mythology between acts of a play

        • most direct source for birth of opera

  • Greek tragedy as a model

  • hoped to generate ethos

    • humanism leads to interest in reviving greek tragedy

    • role of music in greek tragedy debated

    • experiments lead to the first operas

• The first operas

recitative = recite while singing

venice = port city = cosmopolitan culture = first public opera house (1637) teatro son cassiano

arioso = mix of recitative and aria

• recitative becomes longer and more important

• impresario (backstage person)

• ritornello = little return

Chapter 15:

• 1600-1650

  • cantata, sacred concerto, and oratorio are being “updated”

    • most secular music involved ensembles or voices, with basso continuo

    • devices used to elicit affect

      • basso ostinato

        • ostinato/grounded = repeats/patterns in bass

      • descending tetra chords (span of a perfect 4th stepwise descent)

        • often used to express grief, sorrow, lament, etc

      • 2 choirs (cori spezzati)

Chapter 16:

• amare (for the love of) = amateur

• organ and harpsicord = mean tone tuned

• overdotting = french baroque with dots, affected how the conductor led the group

• notes inegales = notes with dots have flexibility in duration

• french overture style = overdotting and notes inegales

• minuet = brisk courtly up beat in triple meter dance

• stile brisé/luthé = instrumental style, “style broken”

• stylized dance = dance music made for listening

  • minuet = courtly dance, triple meter,

Recit = slower harmonic rhythm, low activity bass line, speak while singing,