Comprehensive Chinese Language Vocabulary Guide: Lessons 1-11

Lesson 1: Greetings and Formalities

你 (nǐ): Translates as "ты" (you - informal).
您 (nín): Translates as "Вы" (You - formal).
好 (hǎo): Translates as "хорошо" (good/well).
老师 (lǎoshī): Translates as "учитель" (teacher).
再见 (zàijiàn): Translates as "пока" or "до свидания" (goodbye/see you later).

Lesson 2: Personal Identification and Status

我 (wǒ): Translates as "я" (I/me).
我们 (wǒmen): Translates as "мы" (we/us).
叫 (jiào): Translates as "звать" or "называться по имени" (to be called/to name).
什么 (shénme): Translates as "что" or "какой" (what).
他 (tā): Translates as "он" (he/him).
她 (tā): Translates as "она" (she/her).
它 (tā): Translates as "оно" (it).
认识 (rènshí): Translates as "знакомиться" or "знать (человека)" (to know/recognize someone).
不 (bù): Translates as "нет" or "не" (no/not).
很 (hěn): Translates as "очень" (very).
高兴 (gāoxìng): Translates as "счастливый" (happy/glad).
吗 (ma): Question particle (вопросительная частица) used at the end of a sentence.
很好 (hěn hǎo): Translates as "очень хорошо" (very good/well).

Lesson 3: Nationality and Identification

他 (tā): Translates as "он" (he).
是 (shì): Translates as "быть" or "есть" (to be/is/am/are).
谁 (shéi): Translates as "кто" (who).
哪 (nǎ): Translates as "который" or "какой" (which).
国 (guó): Translates as "страна" (country).
人 (rén): Translates as "человек" (person/human).

Lesson 4: Family and Possessions

有 (yǒu): Translates as "имеется" (to have/there is).
苹果 (píngguǒ): Translates as "яблоко" (apple).
没有 (méiyǒu): Translates as "не имеется" (to not have/there isn't).
水 (shuǐ): Translates as "вода" (water).
家 (jiā): Translates as "семья" or "дом" (family/home).
家人 (jiārén): Translates as "члены семьи" (family members).
妈妈 (māmā): Translates as "мама" (mother).
爸爸 (bàba): Translates as "папа" (father).
姐姐 (jiějie): Translates as "старшая сестра" (older sister).
妹妹 (mèimei): Translates as "младшая сестра" (younger sister).
哥哥 (gēge): Translates as "старший брат" (older brother).
弟弟 (dìdi): Translates as "младший брат" (younger brother).
爷爷 (yéye): Translates as "дедушка (по папе)" (paternal grandfather).
奶奶 (nǎinai): Translates as "бабушка (по папе)" (paternal grandmother).
爱 (ài): Translates as "любить" (to love).
和 (hé): Translates as "и" (and).
几 (jǐ): Translates as "сколько" (how many/how much). Generally used for quantities up to $10$ .
口 (kǒu): Measure word used specifically for counting family members.
个 (gè): Universal measure word used for various objects and people.

Lesson 5: Age and Yearly Timeframes

岁 (suì): Translates as "лет" (years of age).
几岁 (jǐ suì): Question asking "сколько лет?" (how old?). Specifically used for children up to $10$ years old.
多大 (duōdà): Question asking "сколько лет?" (how old?). Used for people older than $10$ years of age.
今年 (jīnnián): Translates as "этот год" (this year).
去年 (qùnián): Translates as "прошлый год" (last year).
明年 (míngnián): Translates as "следующий год" (next year).
也 (yě): Translates as "также" or "тоже" (also/too).

Lesson 6: Body Parts and Descriptive Adjectives

头发 (tóufa): Translates as "волосы" (hair).
耳朵 (ěrduǒ): Translates as "уши" or "ухо" (ears/ear).
手 (shǒu): Translates as "рука" (hand).
眼睛 (yǎnjing): Translates as "глаза" or "глаз" (eyes/eye).
嘴巴 (zuǐbā): Translates as "рот" (mouth).
脚 (jiǎo): Translates as "ступня" (foot).
腿 (tuǐ): Translates as "нога" (leg).
鼻子 (bízi): Translates as "нос" (nose).
的 (de): Particle indicating a possessive relationship (принадлежность).
个子 (gèzi): Translates as "рост" (height/stature).
高 (gāo): Translates as "высокий" (tall).
矮 (ǎi): Translates as "низкий" (short in height).
大 (dà): Translates as "большой" (big).
小 (xiǎo): Translates as "маленький" (small).
长 (cháng): Translates as "длинный" (long).
短 (duǎn): Translates as "короткий" (short in length).
真 (zhēn): Translates as "в самом деле" (really/truly).

Lesson 7: Animals and Demonstrative Pronouns

猫 (māo): Translates as "кошка" (cat).
狗 (gǒu): Translates as "собака" (dog).
鸟 (niǎo): Translates as "птица" (bird).
鱼 (yú): Translates as "рыба" (fish).
这 (zhè): Translates as "это" (this).
那 (nà): Translates as "то" (that).
这儿 (zhè er): Translates as "здесь" or "тут" (here).
那儿 (nà er): Translates as "там" (there).
看 (kàn): Translates as "смотреть" (to look/watch).
多 (duō): Translates as "много" (many/much).
只 (zhǐ): Measure word used for animals, specifically small ones.
它 (tā): Translates as "оно" (it).
猪 (zhū): Translates as "свинка" (pig).
动物 (dòngwù): Translates as "животные" (animals).
条 (tiáo): Measure word used for long, thin objects (вытянутых предметов).
熊猫 (xióng māo): Translates as "панда" (panda).
长颈鹿 (cháng jǐng lù): Translates as "жираф" (giraffe).
狮子 (shī zi): Translates as "лев" (lion).
兔子 (tùzi): Translates as "заяц" or "кролик" (hare/rabbit).
老虎 (lǎo hǔ): Translates as "тигр" (tiger).
蛇 (shé): Translates as "змея" (snake).
大象 (dà xiàng): Translates as "слон" (elephant).

Lesson 8: Locations and Social Actions

在 (zài): Translates as "в", "на", or "находиться в/на" (to be at/in/on).
学校 (xuéxiào): Translates as "школа" (school).
谢谢 (xièxiè): Translates as "спасибо" (thank you).
去 (qù): Translates as "идти" (to go).
我们 (wǒmen): Translates as "мы" (we).
你们 (nǐmen): Translates as "вы" (you - plural).
哪儿 (nǎ'er): Question asking "где?" (where?).
去哪儿 (qù nǎ'er): Question asking "куда?" (where are you going?).
商店 (shāngdiàn): Translates as "магазин" (store/shop).
医院 (yīyuàn): Translates as "больница" (hospital).
回家 (huí jiā): Translates as "идти домой" (to go home/come home).
上学 (shàngxué): Translates as "идти на учёбу" (to go to school/attend school).
上课 (shàngkè): Translates as "на уроке" or "начинать урок" (to attend class/start a lesson).
买 (mǎi): Translates as "покупать" (to buy).
卖 (mài): Translates as "продавать" (to sell).
东西 (dōngx i): Translates as "вещи" (stuff/things).
住在 (zhù zài): Translates as "жить в" (to live in).

Lesson 9: Calendar and Time Units

昨天 (zuótiān): Translates as "вчера" (yesterday).
今天 (jīntiān): Translates as "сегодня" (today).
明天 (míngtiān): Translates as "завтра" (tomorrow).
月 (yuè): Translates as "месяц" (month).
号 (háo): Translates as "число" (date/number in a month).
星期 (xīngqī): Translates as "неделя" (week).
星期天 / 星期日 (xīngqītiān / xīngqīrì): Translates as "воскресенье" (Sunday).
星期几？ (xīngqījǐ): Question asking "какой день недели?" (which day of the week?).
几月几号？ (jǐ yuè jǐ hào): Question asking "какое число?" (what is the date?).
生日 (shēngrì): Translates as "день рождения" (birthday).
喜欢 (xǐhuan): Translates as "нравиться" (to like).

Lesson 10: Time of Day and Daily Routine

现在 (xiàn zài): Translates as "сейчас" (now).
点 (diǎn): Translates as "час" (hour/o'clock).
分 (fēn): Translates as "минута" (minute).
见 (jiàn): Translates as "увидеться" or "встретиться" (to see/meet).
早上 (zǎo shang): Translates as "раннее утро" (early morning).
上午 (shàng wǔ): Translates as "1-я половина дня" (before noon).
中午 (zhōng wǔ): Translates as "полдень" (noon).
下午 (xià wǔ): Translates as "2-я половина дня" (after noon).
晚上 (wǎn shang): Translates as "вечер" (evening).
太早了！ (tài zǎo le): Translates as "слишком рано!" (too early!).
起床 (qǐ chuánɡ): Translates as "вставать с кровати" (to get up).
睡觉 (shuì jiào): Translates as "спать" (to sleep).
刷牙 (shuā yá): Translates as "чистить зубы" (to brush teeth).

Lesson 11: Food, Drinks, and Containers

吃 (chī): Translates as "есть" (to eat).
喝 (hē): Translates as "пить" (to drink).
米饭 (mǐ fàn): Translates as "рис" (cooked rice).
面条 (miàn tiáo): Translates as "лапша" (noodles).
苹果 (píng guǒ): Translates as "яблоко" (apple).
水果 (shuǐ guǒ): Translates as "фрукты" (fruit).
牛奶 (niú nǎi): Translates as "молоко" (milk).
一杯 (yī bēi): Translates as "один стакан" (one cup/glass).
一盒 (yī hé): Translates as "одна коробка (молока)" (one box/carton of milk).
一瓶 (yī píng): Translates as "одна бутылка" (one bottle).
水 (shuǐ): Translates as "вода" (water).
茶 (chá): Translates as "чай" (tea).
咖啡 (kā fēi): Translates as "кофе" (coffee).
奶茶 (nǎi chá): Translates as "молоко (с чаем)" (milk tea).
蛋糕 (dàn’gāo): Translates as "торт" (cake).