civil war

north takes charge of war

in summer of 1864 Sherman accidentally burns Atlanta Georgia completely
union abandoned supply line, grant believed it made them vulnerable to confederate
they have to live off the land because of this
Savannah was captured before Christmas
South and North Carolina get different treatment because SC is where the first shots were fired, almost everything was destroyed.
Then when they got to NC they started being more humane because they would tell the war was coming to an end and started handing out food to soldiers and citizens
in the 1865 election there are some people against Lincoln, they don’t want to continue the war and are pro south
8/5 David Farragut shuts down mobile bay port
9/2 Atlanta falls to Sherman
10/19 Phillip Sheridan chased confederates out of Shenandoah valley in northern Virginia
then Lincoln won his second term as pres
3/4 1865 he gave his second Inaugural address: talked about future of black men in america

## end of war

instead of retreating from Richmond Grant keeps pushing and pushing until they break it and lee realizes his army wont hold out much longer and decide to leave
==on April 2, 1865 Jefferson Davis, president of confederate, and the confederate government abandoned Richmond and burned it so they didn’t leave it for union==
Lee fleas Richmond and goes west hoping to meet up with another confederate army to get more people because they are running out of people
==Grant follows Lee west and cuts him off at the Appomattox court house, this is where they meet and Robert E. Lee decides to surrender==
April 9, 1865, Grant gives Lee nice surrender terms in the hopes that after the war the South will come back and reunite with America
==the terms - turn in weapons, sign oath saying they will never go to war with america again; lets lee keep his sword==
within two months all fighting stops and four years of war is over
grant told his army to not cheer as confederate leaves after surrendering
\

effects of the war

wartime economics

==inflation; backed by the faith in government== * ==as the war goes on the faith goes down and the value of the currency goes down too so you can’t buy as much with it==
==there is also shortages of food which means the prices go up== * ==in 1861 the average spent on food was 6.65 / month then in 1863 they would spend $68 / month==
==because of this there are riots for food in the south, people are starving.== * ==some southerners will smuggle cotton into north to trade for food or money==
cotton industry in north suffered, we got most of our cotton from south
other than cotton most of the industries boomed; this is because they would produce things for the military
the wages fro jobs didn’t keep up with the prices of things * people went on strike and just got fired and replaces
some women are now able to work in fields of jobs that weren’t available before the war
profits increased for these companies and sometimes they don’t give good quality items, spoiled meat, clothes made from previously used fabrics
income taxes are introduced in 1863 and ended in 1871. This was introduced because the government needed money to pay for the war
they printed more money to pay for this but it caused inflation, the more money you have in the economy means less value for the money, however it didn’t lose as much value as it could
the inflation percent was 182%, this wasn’t as bad as the south
they increased taxes on tariffs, a tariff is a tax on imported goods. Federal government doesn’t allow taxes on exported goods
the soldiers on both sides became disillusioned by the idea of glory, soon they realized they wouldn’t find glory and instead death
the soldiers also had really poor hygiene, this caused there to be lots of disease between soldiers
the rations given to them were also bad; they got hard tacks and johnny cakes, hard tack was north, johnny cakes were south
the weapons would get better while the medicine stayed the same
there were field hospitals and surgeries, there was no understanding of bacteria and they wouldn’t sanitize between surgeries.
after fort Sumter the north attempted to change this with the U.S sanitary commission to improve hygiene
Clara Barton was a big part of the war, she was a nurse behind the front lines
in prisons the living conditions were extremely poor. The southern prisons were worse because they had a lack of resources.
In Andersonville, GA there were 33,000 men in 26 acres, 1/3 of them died

lincoln’s assassination

the original plan was to kidnap lincoln and hold him for ransom not kill him
lincoln was watching a play when it happened, our american cousin, and john wilkes booth knew this play. so then when he knew there was gonna be a lot of noise and that’s when he shot him.
there was a security guard but he left half way through the play to a pub, that meant he wasn’t guarding the door and john wilkes booth easily got in.
After shooting Lincoln Booth said “Sic semper tyrannis”, roughly that means “this is what happens to tyrants”
Lincoln, didn’t immediately die, he lived through the night, he was shot on April 14 and died at 7:22 am April 15th
Lincoln had a recurring dream of him being assassinated
there was also attempts to kill secretary of state William Seward and vice president Andrew Johnson.
Booth was on the run with a broken leg, he made it out of Washington D.C but then two weeks later they are staying in a barn and the U.S Calvary finds. They refuse to come out so the Calvary sets it on fire to smoke them out. Supposedly a Calvary man sees Booth raising his gun to shoot and shot him. Before he died Booth said “Tell my mother I died for my country. I did what I thought was best.” and while looking at his hands “Useless, Useless.”
Other conspirators were arrested and sentenced, 4 were sentenced to death. Those were Mary Surrat, Lewis Powell, David Harold, and George Atzerodt. This was the first time in history a woman was sentenced to death by the federal government.
Lincoln’s body was transported back to Illinois where he’s from. It was transported by a special funeral train, this took several weeks and he had to be embalmed multiple times.
In the 1920’s his body was attempted to be stolen again for ransom.
the successor of Abraham Lincoln was Andrew Johnson, a southern democrat who hated southern plantation owners.

reconstruction!

reconstruction was after the civil war when we were trying to rebuild the country. The time period was from 1865 to 1877. It was how the government was readmitting the Confederate states.

\ andrew johnson was the vice president to lincoln and took over after he died. ==He was a southern democrat, supported abolition but was openly racist, disliked wealthy southern planters, he felt that they dragged poor white people into the war, and he felt rebellious confederate leaders should be harshly punished==. Him and lincoln didn’t talk very much, vp didn’t really do much at this time, so he didn’t know what lincoln wanted. People questioned if he would punish the confederates and how he was going to bring the southern states back in.

\ lincoln believed that secession is constitutionally impossible, so he believes that the southern states never really left and it was the individuals that were rebellious. before he died he came up with a reconstruction plan in december 1863, proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction the 10% plan, it was to pardon most of the southerners. He pardoned all the confederates who took an oath of loyalty to america promising to never fight against america again. He did not pardon high ranking confederates and those accused of crimes against prisoners of war. Only 10% of the state had to agree to take the oath of loyalty to come back, once making a new state government they had to ban slavery and then they would gain representation back in congress. Lincoln wanted an easy reconstruction plan to easily bring the states back together.

\ Not all of the republicans were happy with the plan. They believed confederate should be more harshly punished and thought that lincoln was being too soft. These were the radical republicans. $They wanted to destroy the political power of formal slave owners.$ The faction of the party was led by senator charles sumner of MA and representative thaddeus stevens of PA. $They wanted african americans to have full rights and be able to vote, at this time that was a very radical opinion.$ $They wanted to ban the southern from congress completely.$

\ The wade davis bill - there would be 50% of the states population pledging for loyalty instead of 10% and if someone volunteered to fight for confederacy, (willingly fought for the cause of slavery) they weren’t allowed to vote for delegates that would write the new constitution. States also did not get the right to vote. However this was never passed because lincoln refused to sign it and used his pocket veto. This made congress and radical republicans really mad.

\ Johnson’s plan - he became pres after lincoln was assassinated and had expressed a plan to harshly punish the south. He considered the southerners traitors. The radical republicans believed that he was one of them He proposed his plan while congress was in recess so he didn’t have them check anything. $His plan included: giving amnesty (pardon) to most former confederates, not the confederate officials and wealthy landowners, the southern states were now allowed to start creating their new governments, they had to formally say they were no longer in secession, had to declare loyalty to U.S.A, had to elect representatives to congress, and they$ $<strong>had to</strong>$ $abolish slavery and ratify the 13th amendment.$

His plan is very similar to lincoln’s, the radical republicans were angry because it didn’t say anything about land, voting rights, and protection under law for former slaves. The other problem with his plan was that he didn’t run it past congress and he isn’t allowed to do this. the south was relieved because of this plan and 13,000 former confederates were pardoned. By the time congress came back though all the states except Texas had already done all this and sent representatives but congress rejected his plan.

\ the 14th amendment states that everyone born in the U.S is a citizen of the U.S except native americans. If a state denied a portion of its male citizens from voting then they would lose a percentage of its congressional seats equal to the percentage that cant vote. Basic rights were now a federal issue and not a state issue. Andrew Johnson told the southern states to reject the amendment (it was originally created by congress) in the end it does become ratified in 1868 despite Johnson’s efforts.

\ 1866 congressional elections; the theme of these elections was reconstruction of the south. Johnson went on a train tour through America to convince people to support him. This plan backfires because Johnson was not an amazing speaker like lincoln, he was really rough and had bad language. This turns people away from him because he was so rough. This made the Modern Republicans win the election by a land slide and now congress can overturn presidential vetos. Race riots started happening everywhere and especially in Memphis and New Orleans where 80 people died.

\ Congress’s reconstruction act of 1867; it does not recognize confederate states that had previously met the other reconstruction plans, TN was the only state they recognized because they rejoined the union and ratified 14th amendment already. They created five military districts in the south because its easier for them to control a small group rather than one big group. Voters elected representatives to state conventions to create new state constitutions, they were required to ratify the 13th and 14th amendment and they had to give african americans the right to vote.

\ Johnson’s impeachment; johnson vetoed the reconstruction act of 1867; this went against the constitution and congress overrode the veto. The Radical Republicans believed that Johnson wasn’t fulfilling his duty of being president; they believed that he hindered reconstruction by removing military officers who attempted to enforce reconstruction. The house of representatives brought this up and voted to impeach him, then in senate it the charges were acquitted and he wasn’t kicked out of office and stayed president.