Instability throughout the World
• USA & Japan - the only countries that benefit (financially) from WWI
• No fighting on their soil; Japan gains territory
• Government instability
• New Democracies formed (mostly inexperienced)
• New political parties fighting for power
A. Japan and Manchuria
B. Japan and China
C. USA and China
D. USA and Japan
What two countries benefitted
from World War I?
Germany's Festival of Suck
• Weimar Republic -
Germany's brief democratic
government... weak
агу 1823
3а Marka
• Weimar prints massive amounts of paper
15129
currency to pay back
Snood
War Debts
→ Hyperinflation
• German money is practically worthless
Depression
• Hitler joined the National
Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi for short) in 1920
• Supported middle and lower classes
• Organized a private military called the SA (Germany forbidden to have an army)
• 1923 (the peak of Germany's misery)-Attempts overthrow of German gov't; fails (known as the Beer Hall Putsch)... arrested and sentenced to 5 years (serves less than 1)
• Hitler realizes he can take power legally
• Dictates Mein Kampf
America Supports Europe
• The Dawes Plan
• American banker, Charles Dawes's plan to pull Germany out of their depression
• Loaned money
• Est. new currency & threw out the
Successful!
→ Hitler & the Nazi Party are largely ignored by Germans
• Germany allowed to join the League of Nations
• Agrees never to make war with France again and to respect the borders of France & Belgium
THINGS ARE LOOKING UP! ©
All of Europe's financial success is riding
on American investment...
The Great Depression
• A Global Depression
• Begins with the American stock market crash in 1929
• American bankers call for repayment of international loans, high tariffs placed
BROC
WALL ST.
nt Mad
The
BILLIONS LI
on foreign goods to stimulate national economy
• Most European Countries economies are interdependent and their economies crumble as trade dries up
Responses to Global Depression
• US - Isolationist policy (ignoring issues in other countries to focus on internal problems); creation of jobs using public infrastructure projects
• Germany - "restructuring" of the workforce to make jobs available...; public infrastructure projects; militarism
• Soviet Union - did not suffer from the Great Depression because their economy is not linked to or dependent on others
Totalitarianism.
• Total centralized state control over every aspect of public and private life
• WHY WOULD PEOPLE ALLOW THIS?!
• Provides a sense of security and direction
The Rise of Hitler
• WWI Veteran, awarded Iron Cross
• Joined the National Socialist German
Workers' Party (Nazi for short) in 1920
• Supported middle and lower classes
• Organized a private military called the
SA (Germany forbidden to have an army)
• Attempts to overthrow German
Government and fails (known as the Beer Hall Putsch)... arrested and sentenced to 5 years (serves less than 1)
• Dictates Mein Kampf
• Dawes Plan - Germany's situation improves and Hitler & the Nazi Party are largely ignored by Germans...until the Global Depression hits
Hitler "fixes" things
• Bans strikes, dissolves labor unions
• Creates jobs 2 ways:
• Pushes Women, Jews, Communists, and other
"undesirables" out of the workplace
• Starts new projects to build roads, factories, develop
å
new weapons, serve in the military... (at this point other countries don't care what Germany does... too busy pulling themselves out of the Depression)
• Complete censorship & propaganda
By 1932 - Nazis are the largest political party
• 1933 - Hitler is named
Chancellor
• Burning of the Reichstag induces panic among the German people... blame the communists
→Enabling Act - Hitler does what he wants
• Forms the SS and purges the
SA leadership of any opposition
• Night of the Long Knives 1934
What is Fascism?
• Fascism - a political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule
• Strong emphasis on conformity
• How it differs from Communism:
• Fascists do not seek a classless society. Rather, every class is seen to have its purpose and function.
• Fascist nations believe that peaceful states are doomed to be conquered
• Who does it attract?
• People who are frustrated and angry... looking for someone to blame and a reason to be proud
What is a political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-
party
A. Totalitarianism
B. Mein Kampf
C. Fascism
D. Nazism
Meanwhile in Asia...
Japan was so chill!
• 1920 - Japan = democratic (prime minister & cabinet)
• 1922 Respect Chinese boundaries
• 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact - renounces war
Japan lost their chill...
•Global Depression → Military seizes government
• Popular support for military
• Emperor has same role as emperor of
Feudal Japan (figurehead)
• Militarism & nationalism → well-equipped and well-trained military
China
• Struggle between Nationalism and Western Influence
• 1911 Revolution - ends Qing Dynasty... last dynasty in China
• 1912-1949 - Chinese Republic
• Multiple rulers and dictators
• Guomindang (Chiang Kai-Shek) vs. Chinese Communist Party (Mao Zedong)
• 1934 - the Long March
• Japanese Invasion
• Communists - guerilla warfare; fighting more effectively; gaining support
• Nationalism - taxes; getting trounced
• Kuomintang exiled to Taiwan leaving Mao in control
• 1931 - Manchuria (iron & coal)
• Puppet government (Manchukuo)
• Condemned by L.O.N... Japan walks
• 7/7/37 - Japanese & Chinese skirmish leads to full-scale invasion
• Northern Capital of Nanjing/Nanking falls (Nanking Massacre/Rape of Nanking 12/37-1/38... 50,000 -
300,000 killed)
• NEW GOAL: Create a "New World Order in East Asia"
• 7/1941 - French Indochina → US cuts off oil (b/c Philippines & Guam)→
Pearl Harbor
Beginning of the Break-Down
Appeasement to avoid war
• Italy takes Ethiopia
• Lo.N. did nothing
• Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty
• Flat out said he won't follow it in 1935...
L.o.N. did nothing
• 1936 - Hitler sent troops to retake the Rhineland (L.o.N. did nothing)
• 1937 - Hitler announced plans to reabsorb
Austria & Czechoslovakia, then Poland & Russia
• Anschluss (Annexation of Austria) in March of 1938 supported by most Austrians
• the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia)...
Germany wanted it back, taking it leaves Czechoslovakia defenseless...
• Hitler argued ethnic Germans being persecuted
• Sept. 1938 Munich Conference... Britain gave Hitler Sudetenland to avoid a war
• March 1939 Hitler took all Czechoslovakia
Things are getting real...
• Civil War Erupts in Spain (Jul '36- Apr '39)
• Democracies & dictatorships take sides
• Fascist government prevails
• November 1936 - Italy + Germany =
Axis Powers (Japan formally added in 1940)
• Poland refuses to give up a formerly
German port
• Britain vows to fight if Germany invades Poland... look to Soviet Union for help
• Soviet Union & Germany sign the nonaggression pact August 23, 1939
• Won't attack each other
• Secretly agree to divide Poland
The Spark that leads to WWII
• Sept 1, 1939 - Germany attacks Western
Poland
• Blitzkrieg
• Sept 3, 1939 - Britain & France declare war, mobilize, and guard the Maginot Line (border b/t Germany & France)
• Sept 17, 1939 - Soviets attack Eastern Poland, then Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland (SOLDIERS ON SKIS!!!!)
• 1940 - Germany attacks Norway & Denmark... then Luxembourg, Holland, & Belgium (preparing for assault on Britain
• May 1940 - Attack France & force Allies to the coastal city of Dunkirk - massive evacuation of British soldiers from
France
• France Falls... June 22, 1940
What tactic did Germany use to avoid another stalemate like WWI and trench
warfare?
A. Dunkirk
B. Blitzkrieg
C. Mein Kampf
D. Maginot Line
The Battle of Britain
Summer 1940-May 10, 1941
• Hitler's Plan: Operation Sea Lion
• Knock out Royal Air Force & then send in ground troops
• Summer 1940 - attack airfields...
ineffective
• Sept. 1940 - attack cities
• Killing civilians & causing mass destruction... making them mad
• 9/40 - Destroyers for Bases Agreement w/US
• US "neutrality
• 3/41 - Lend-Lease Act w/US
• USA now blatantly favoring the Allies
• 2 Secret Weapons turn the tide:
1) Radar - detected incoming war planes
2) Enigma - German code machine
• stolen and smuggled into Britain
• Germans switch to night raids
• Germany shifts focus to the Mediterranean and E. Europe
... Allies learn that Hitler can be stopped
Operation Barbarossa
• Codename for the Nazi invasion of
USSR
• 22 June 1941 - 3 pronged attack
• Leningrad - longest siege in history (9/8/41-1/27/44)
• Most costly
• Moscow... never make it there
• Southern oil fields
• Stalingrad 8/23/42-2/2/43
War in the Pacific
• 12/7/1941 - Pearl Harbor
• 12/8/41 - US decl. war on
Japan
• 12/11/41 - Germ decl. war on
US
• Japan takes Guam, Wake Island, Philippines, Hong Kong, East Indies, Singapore, Burma
• 4/42 - Doolittle Raid
• 5/42 - Battle of Coral Sea...
Japan wins, but doesn't advance
• 6/42 - Battle of Midway
*Turning point of the war
• Island Hopping - take key islands; disrupt supply lines
Back to Europe
• 12/22/41 - Churchill & Roosevelt come up with a war plan... agree to create a second front (take pressure off Soviet Union)
• 10/42 - 5/43 - Operation Torch (North Africa)
• 4/10/43 Invasion of Italy
• Mussolini killed 4/29/45
• 6/6/44 - D-Day ... Germans out of France by end of August
• Battle of the Bulge 12/44 - Germany's last real shot at victory
• 1-2/45 - Yalta Conference - post-war decisions
• Divide Germany
• US & USSR make a deal about Eastern Europe & the Pacific
• 3/45 - German officials in bunker under Berlin
• 5/1/45 - Hitler dead
• 5/7/45 - Unconditional surrender
Back to the Pacific
• Manhattan Project - NM - 1943
($2-2.5 million)
• 48k US soldiers die at Okinawa alone
• Invasion of Japan will be extremely costly (Churchill estimates over 1 million)
• 4/5/45 - PM of Japan resigns; new gov't wants out of the war, but not unconditionally
• July 16th - US issues warning of
"prompt & utter destruction"
• 8/6/1945 - Hiroshima (73K)
• 8/9/45 - Nagasaki (37.5K)
• 8/16/45 - Surrender (official on
9/1)
Aiter the War
• United Nations Replaces League of Nations 10/24/45
• Planned by US, Britain, Soviet Union, & China since 1943
• Nuremberg Trials - 45-49
• 2 New Superpowers: USA &
Soviet Union
• US on the rise since WWI
• Soviets since WWII
• Eastern Europe = Soviet's buffer zone
• Violate Yalta Conf. agreement (no free elections)
• "An iron curtain has descended across the continent."
Who are the two new super powers after World War Il is over?
A. USSR and China
B. USSR and Japan
C. US and China
D. US and USSR