Industrialization Spreads

The Industrial Revolution shifted production from the British cottage industry system to factory-based cotton manufacture.
Essential Question: How did different types and locations of production develop and change over time?
Industrialization spread from Britain to Belgium, France, and Germany, followed by Russia, the United States, and Japan.
Factors for success included capital, natural resources, and water transportation.

France: Delayed by sparsely populated urban centers (limited labor) and the French Revolution ( $1789-1799$ ), which consumed capital and national attention.
Germany: Originally delayed by political fragmentation; however, unification in $1871$ led to Germany becoming a top producer of steel and coal.
United States: Became a leading industrial force by $1900$ using "human capital." Labor was provided by internal migrants and immigrants from Europe and East Asia.

Russia: Prioritized railroad construction and exports. The Trans-Siberian Railroad connected Moscow to the Pacific, facilitating trade with China and Japan.
By $1900$ , Russia had over $36,000$ miles of railroad and was the 4th largest steel producer, though its economy remained agricultural until $1917$ .
Japan: Underwent "defensive modernization" in the mid- $19^{th}$ century, adapting Western technology and institutions to protect its culture and increase military/economic strength.

While industrialization grew in the West, Asia and Middle Eastern manufacturing shares declined.
Indian Shipbuilding: Suffered from British mismanagement. The Indian Navy was disbanded by $1863$ as Britain's Royal Navy took control of the Indian Ocean.
Indian Iron Works: British company rule ( $1757-1858$ ) used steep tariffs and mine closures to stifle mineral production, especially after the Rebellion of 1857.
The Arms Act of 1878 restricted mineral access and firearms production, leading to the abandonment of mines in areas like Rajasthan.
Indian Textiles: Owners of Lancaster mills in Britain pressured the government to impose an "equalizing" $5\%$ tax on textiles from Bombay mills to reduce their profitability.
Egypt: Lost both export and domestic markets for carpets and silks by the mid- $19^{th}$ century due to the rapid growth of European textile production.