nutrition water soluble vitamins

Materials Required for Exam:
- Bring two pencils (type: fine-point pencil only).
- No pens allowed due to scanning tech limitations.
- Require a photo ID (options: coupon ID, driver's license).
Exam Proctoring Information:
- Evelyn will assist in proctoring the exam on Tuesday.
- Continued focus on exam content will occur during class.
Preparatory Materials Available:
- Sample questions uploaded on course site.
- Study guide available for review.
- Exam three preparation slides uploaded to Husky CC.
Class Content Focus:
- Today's session will emphasize exam three prep, foregoing intended syllabus topics.
- Upcoming content will resume after exam week with final course materials.

Bioavailability Factors:
- Absorption typically not obstructed post-meal if adequate amounts of thiamine are consumed.
Thiamine Functions:
- Acts primarily as a coenzyme.
- Involved in cellular respiration, particularly carbohydrate metabolism.
- Converts glucose to pyruvate, then to acetyl-CoA in cellular respiration.
- Loss of carbon dioxide (CO₂) occurs in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
- Essential for energy production and neurotransmitter signaling.
Role in RNA and DNA:
- Necessary for ribose production, a component of RNA and DNA required for genetic information processing.
Neurotransmitter Function:
- Integral in the synthesis of acetylcholine, facilitating communication between neurons.
Deficiency Consequences:
- Condition known as Beriberi, meaning "I cannot" in Sinhala, characterized by lethargy and fatigue due to insufficient ATP production from carbohydrates.
- Neurological impacts arise from thiamine deficiency, potentially visible within ten days, with children being particularly vulnerable.
- Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome:
- Resulting from alcoholism; impairs thiamine absorption despite adequate dietary intake, leading to neurological symptoms like confusion and amnesia.

Dietary Sources:
- Best source: milk and dairy products, with some in meat (pork, trout) and various other foods.
Stability:
- Sensitive to light, needing protective packaging to maintain its levels in dairy products.
Riboflavin Functions:
- Coenzyme role in cellular respiration, particularly in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
- Acts in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain as FAD and FMN, respectively.
Deficiency Effects:
- Causes Ariboflavinosis, presenting with inflammation of the mucous membranes, cracked corners of the mouth, and sore throat, visible within two months.
- Generally a multifunctional deficiency linked with other B vitamins.

Dietary Sources:
- Found predominantly in protein-rich foods: meat, fish, and some plant foods (corn, though in a less bioavailable form).
- Niacin can be synthesized from tryptophan in the diet.
Niacin Forms:
- Exists as nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.
Functions:
- Involved in cellular respiration to produce ATP, and plays a role in fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism.
Deficiency Symptoms:
- Leads to Pellagra, characterized by the four D's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and possibly death.
- Corn-based diets, without processing, can lead to niacin deficiency in certain populations.

Sources:
- Found in legumes (lentils, peas, beans), fresh grains, and some vegetables.
Bioavailability:
- Food folate (polyglutamate form) converted to folic acid (better absorbed) during digestion.
Functions:
- Coenzyme for DNA synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and crucial for cell division.
Importance in Prenatal Health:
- Prevents neural tube defects during early pregnancy, hence widespread fortification of grain products.
Deficiency Effects:
- Can lead to macrocytic anemia, with large immature red blood cells; impacts on fetal development include spina bifida if deficiency occurs during critical development windows.

Sources:
- Widely found in numerous foods, usually well absorbed.
Functions:
- Involvement in both catabolic and anabolic processes; essential for fatty acid synthesis.

Sources:
- High in protein foods, including fish and potatoes.
Functions:
- Involvement in macronutrient metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and red blood cell production.
Deficiency Effects:
- Lead to anemia, neurological symptoms, and increased homocysteine levels; toxicity can cause nerve damage.

Sources:
- Mostly animal-derived foods; essential for vegans to supplement.
Absorption Process:
- Requires intrinsic factor produced in the stomach; mainly absorbed in the small intestine, with deficiency often stemming from absorption issues rather than dietary insufficiency.
Functions:
- Aids in red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNA synthesis.
Deficiency Effects:
- Causes pernicious anemia; can mask other vitamin deficiencies.

Sources:
- Found in citrus fruits, cruciferous vegetables, and berries.
Functions:
- Antioxidant properties, collagen synthesis, enhances iron absorption.
Deficiency Effects:
- Results in Scurvy, presenting with bleeding gums, easy bruising, and weaker connective tissue.

Nature of Nutrient:
- Considered essential but not classified as a vitamin; plays critical roles in neurotransmitter function and cell membrane integrity.
Deficiency Effects:
- Although unclear, potential to link to conditions such as fatty liver and muscle damage.

BMI Calculation: Know the equation, prioritize metric units (kg/m²) for calculations.
Body Composition: Understand lean tissue includes muscle, bone, and organs, while adipose tissue is fat.
Body Type and Disease Risk: Recognize android (apple shape) is more correlated with cardiovascular diseases compared to gynoid (pear shape).
Eating Patterns and Nutritional Needs: Different substrates (like glycogen, not protein) prioritized for energy during fasting and weight loss.