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Certainly, here are the definitions for the political and governmental terms without bullet points:

Senate: The upper chamber of a bicameral legislature in many countries, typically with fewer members than the lower house.

House of Representatives: The lower chamber of a bicameral legislature, responsible for representing the people in a democratic government.

Bicameral legislature: A legislative body with two separate chambers or houses, such as a Senate and a House of Representatives.

Speaker of the House: The presiding officer in the House of Representatives responsible for maintaining order, recognizing members to speak, and guiding legislative proceedings.

Majority leader: The leader of the majority party in a legislative body who is responsible for setting the legislative agenda and ensuring party members' cooperation.

Majority whip: A member of a legislative body responsible for ensuring party discipline and attendance during votes among members of the majority party.

Minority leader: The leader of the minority party in a legislative body, responsible for representing and coordinating the minority party's positions.

Minority whip: A member of a legislative body from the minority party responsible for maintaining party discipline and vote-counting among minority party members.

President of the Senate: In the United States, this position is held by the Vice President, who presides over the Senate but can only cast a tie-breaking vote.

President pro tempore: A senator elected by the Senate to preside over its proceedings in the absence of the Vice President.

Standing committees: Permanent committees in a legislative body responsible for considering bills and conducting oversight on specific policy areas.

Select committees: Temporary committees established in a legislative body for a specific purpose or issue.

Joint committees: Committees consisting of members from both chambers of a bicameral legislature.

Conference committees: Committees formed to resolve differences in legislation passed by both houses of a bicameral legislature.

Rules committee: A committee in the House of Representatives that determines the rules and procedures for considering bills on the floor.

Committee of the Whole: A parliamentary procedure where a legislative body, such as the House of Representatives, becomes a committee to debate and amend legislation more informally.

Quorum: The minimum number of members required to be present for a legislative body to conduct official business or hold a vote.

Discharge petition: A procedure in the House of Representatives to force a bill out of committee and onto the floor for consideration.

Cloture: A procedure in the Senate to end a filibuster and bring a debate to a vote.

Filibuster: Prolonged speech or other tactics used by a member of a legislative body to delay or block the passage of a bill.

Unanimous Consent: A parliamentary procedure that allows the quick passage of a bill without a formal vote, granted if no member objects.

Hold: A senator's objection to a unanimous consent request, delaying or preventing a vote on a bill or nomination.

Mandatory spending: Government spending that is required by law, such as entitlement programs like Social Security.

Discretionary spending: Government spending that is determined through the appropriations process and can be adjusted each fiscal year.

Earmarking: The practice of designating specific funds for a particular project or purpose in a government spending bill.

Pork barrel: Government spending that benefits a legislator's home district or state and is often seen as wasteful or unnecessary.

Log rolling: The practice of legislators supporting each other's projects or legislation to gain mutual support.

Trustee model: A model of representation where elected officials use their judgment to make decisions on behalf of their constituents.

Delegate model: A model of representation where elected officials act as proxies for their constituents, strictly following their preferences.

Politico model: A model of representation that combines elements of the trustee and delegate models, allowing officials to use their judgment while considering constituents' opinions.

Gerrymandering: The manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor one political party or group.

Veto: The power of an executive, like a president, to reject a bill passed by a legislative body, preventing it from becoming law.

Pocket veto: When an executive effectively vetoes a bill by not signing it while the legislative session ends.

Executive agreements: International agreements made by the President of the United States without Senate approval, typically on matters of foreign policy.

Executive order: A directive issued by the President to manage the operations of the federal government.

Signing statement: A statement issued by the President when signing a bill into law, outlining their interpretation or concerns about the bill.

Bully pulpit: A term coined by President Theodore Roosevelt, referring to the President's ability to use their office and visibility to shape public opinion and influence policy.

Jurisdiction: The authority of a court or legislative body to hear and decide on specific cases or matters.

Precedent: A legal decision or ruling that serves as a reference for future similar cases.

Judicial activism: A judicial philosophy in which judges are more willing to interpret the law broadly and make policy decisions.

Judicial restraint: A judicial philosophy in which judges are more inclined to defer to legislative decisions and avoid making policy decisions.

Original jurisdiction: The authority of a court to hear a case for the first time, as opposed to appellate jurisdiction, which involves reviewing lower court decisions.

Bureaucracy: A system of non-elected government officials and agencies responsible for implementing and administering government policies and programs.

Patronage: The practice of appointing individuals to government positions based on political loyalty or support rather than merit.

Rule-making process: The process by which government agencies create and establish regulations to implement laws.

Rule-making authority: The power granted to government agencies to create and enforce regulations.

Discretionary authority: The flexibility and discretion government officials or agencies have in making decisions within the bounds of the law.