Ap Hug 7.2

Economic Sectors and Patterns in AP Human Geography

Complexity & Knowledge Intensity

Economic Sectors

  1. Primary Sector

    • Involves extraction of raw materials.

    • Key activities include:

      • Farming

      • Mining

      • Forestry

      • Fishing

      • Quarrying

  2. Secondary Sector

    • Focuses on processing raw materials into finished goods.

    • Key activities include:

      • Manufacturing

      • Construction

      • Power generation

    • Involves the Commodity Chain which connects:

      • Raw materials

      • Manufacturing

      • Distribution to consumers

  3. Tertiary Sector

    • Consists of service provision.

    • Key activities include:

      • Healthcare

      • Education

      • Finance

      • Retail

      • Hospitality

  4. Quaternary Sector

    • Deals with knowledge and information-based services.

    • Key activities include:

      • Research & Development (R&D)

      • IT Consulting

      • Intellectual Property Management

  5. Quinary Sector

    • Involves the highest level of decision making.

    • Key activities include:

      • High-level management

      • Policy development

      • Government administration

      • Think tanks

Summary of Economic Sectors

  • The five sectors describe stages of production, from raw material extraction to decision making.

  • Each sector has implications on social, economic, and environmental factors, highlighting trends such as the decline of the secondary sector due to various shifts in the economy.

World Trade Hierarchy

  • Dependencies exist primarily on core regions.

  • Core Countries

    • Highly industrialized and dominate the global economy.

    • Classified as More Developed Countries (MDCs) or First World countries.

  • Semi-Periphery Countries

    • Exhibit a mix of traits from core and peripheral countries.

    • Generally categorized as growing economies.

    • Economic power examples:

      • Brazil

      • Russia

      • India

      • China (BRIC)

  • Periphery Countries

    • Less industrialized and often dependent on core economies.

    • Typically have lower economic power.

    • Examples include many nations in Africa, Latin America, and parts of Asia.

Break-of-Bulk Point

  • Defines the location where transfer of goods occurs between different transport modes.

  • Commonly found at:

    • Ports

    • Airports

    • Rail yards

Causes and Effects of Economic Changes

  • Causes

    • Technological change

    • Globalization

    • Policy shifts

  • Effects

    • Unemployment

    • Declining incomes

    • Social unrest

Case Studies

  • USA Rust Belt (spanning from New York to Illinois): notable for deindustrialization affecting manufacturing jobs, factory closures, etc.

  • United Kingdom: historically significant for industries like coal, steel, and shipbuilding.

Economic Trade Relationships

  • There exists a hierarchical structure in global trade power from Core to Semi-Periphery to Periphery countries.