7,8,9 world

Florence Nightingale:
- Pioneered modern medical practices.
British Empire:
- Dominant global power during the period.
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905):
- Significant conflict highlighting the rise of Japan as a power.
Bolshevik Revolution:
- Led by Vladimir Lenin with the slogan "Peace, Bread, Land."
Bloody Sunday:
- Event leading to increased unrest and revolution in Russia.
Impact on WW1:
- Lenin's first action post-revolution was to sign a peace treaty withdrawing Russia from WW1.
Fall of the Qing:
- Resistance against Qing rule leading to the end of the Qing dynasty.
Young Turks:
- Movement aiming for reform and modernization in the Ottoman Empire.
Turkification:
- Policy aiming to assimilate various ethnic groups into a singular Turkish identity.
Ottoman Empire and Nationalism:
- Various nationalistic movements contributing to the decline of the empire.

Militarism:
- Increased military expenditure and arms races among European powers.
Alliances:
- Central Powers/Triple Alliance:
- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
- Allied Powers/Triple Entente:
- France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Greece, and the United States.
Imperialism:
- Competition for colonies and global dominance.
Nationalism:
- Rising national pride and ethnic tensions, exemplified by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip of the Black Hand.

US Enters the War:
- Key events leading to US involvement.
Lusitania:
- British cruise ship sunk by German submarines, influencing public opinion in the U.S.
Zimmerman Telegram:
- Secret communication from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance.
Propaganda:
- Efforts to shape public perception and support for the war.
Battles of Marne:
- Crucial battles fought where Germany could not advance past the Marne River in France, marking the beginning of trench warfare.

Trench Warfare:
- Emerged as a strategy during WW1, particularly characterized by dug-in positions and prolonged stalemates.
Gallipoli Campaign:
- An unsuccessful British attempt to strike the Ottomans at their weakest point, severely impacting the Allied war effort.

The Big Four:
- Woodrow Wilson (USA), David Lloyd George (UK), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy).
Treaty of Versailles:
- Major peace treaty, imposing heavy reparations on Germany and establishing new international norms.
14 Point Plan:
- Proposed framework by Wilson for a just and lasting peace, emphasizing self-determination and the creation of the League of Nations.
Weimar Republic:
- The government established in Germany post-WW1, facing numerous economic and political challenges.
Interwar Period:
- Characterized by instability, leading into the Great Depression.
John Maynard Keynes:
- Economic theorist advocating for increased government spending to stimulate economic recovery.
FDR's New Deal:
- A series of programs and reforms aimed at recovering the U.S. economy, focusing on relief, recovery, and reform.
- Social Security:
- Established a safety net for the elderly and unemployed.
- Unemployment Benefits:
- Financial aid for the unemployed during economic downturns.

New Economic Policy (NEP):
- Introduced by Lenin, it allowed for a mix of capitalism alongside communism to revive the economy post-civil war.
Five-Year Plans:
- Initiated by Stalin aimed at the state-run economy, focusing on rapid industrialization.
- Made all businesses state-owned, establishing a workforce dependent on government employment.

Fascism:
- A political ideology emphasizing authoritarian nationalism. Key figures:
- Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany (Nazism).
Hirohito:
- Emperor of Japan during WWII, reflecting the militaristic policies of Japan.
Spanish Civil War:
- Notable for the bombing of Guernica, a pivotal moment highlighting the brutality of war.
Nuremberg Laws:
- Anti-Semitic laws in Nazi Germany that stripped Jews of citizenship rights.
Lebensraum:
- The concept of "living space" for the expansion of the German population, driving aggressive expansionist policies.
Kristallnacht:
- The night of broken glass where Jewish businesses and synagogues were attacked, marking a significant escalation in anti-Semitic violence.
Appeasement:
- The policy of conceding to aggressive demands to maintain peace; notably applied to Nazi Germany.
Invasion of Poland:
- Marking the outbreak of WWII, facilitated by the non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union.
Sino-Japanese War:
- Conflict between Japan and China that further spread hostilities in Asia.
Pearl Harbor:
- Surprise military strike by the Japanese navy on the U.S. naval base in Hawaii, leading the U.S. to enter WWII.

Battle of Britain:
- A significant aerial campaign waged by the German Luftwaffe against the UK.
Blitzkrieg:
- A method of warfare characterized by fast-moving and coordinated attacks.
Siege of Leningrad and Stalingrad:
- Major battles on the Eastern Front, exemplifying the brutal consequences of total war.
Total War:
- A war strategy in which a country mobilizes all of its resources for the war effort.
D-Day:
- The Allied invasion of Normandy, a turning point in the European theatre of the war.
V-E Day:
- Victory in Europe Day, marking the official surrender of Nazi Germany.
V-J Day:
- Victory over Japan Day, signifying the end of the war in the Pacific, notably followed by the atomic bombings of Hiroshima.

Big Three Conferences:
- Key meetings involving Winston Churchill, FDR, and Stalin to discuss postwar reorganization.
Potsdam Conference:
- Final meeting of the leaders; decisions regarding postwar order and handling of Germany.
Yalta Conference:
- A pivotal meeting discussing the reorganization of postwar Europe.
Berlin Airlift:
- Operation to supply West Berlin amidst a Soviet blockade, highlighting tensions of the Cold War.