Bio 9/10

2nd Law of

   Thermodynamics ATP

ATP Synthase

Autotroph

Calvin cycle

Carotenoid

Chemiosmosis

Chlorophyll

Concentration

   gradient

Electron Transport

   Chain

FADH2

Grana

Heterotroph            

NADPH

NADH (NAD+)

Oxidation

Phosphorylation

Photosynthesis

Photosystem

Reduction

Stroma

Thylakoid


 

Conceptsc

1.  What are factors that affect photosynthesis? Light, CO2, Water, Temperature How would these factors speed up, slow or stop photosynthesis? As light or CO2 levels increase so will the rate of Photosynthesis to a point, then it will level off.  Photosynthesis will not happen in most plants below freezing, but as temperature increases, the rate will rise to a point, then it will start to decrease because enzymes start to denature at higher temperatures.  Slides 40 and 41 in the notes have graphs representing this.

2.  Where do the light-dependent reactions take place? Thylakoid membranes Where does the Calvin cycle take place? Stroma

3.  What is the difference between the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle?  Light dependent reactions use the energy of the sun to excite chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoids.  That energy is transferred to and electrons added to NAD+ and ADP to make NADH and ATP and there is an Electron transport chain involved in the thylakoids.  Water molecules are broken apart to recharge the electrons in the chlorophyll and O2 molecules ar produced as a biproduct.  The NADH and ATP go to the Calvin Cycle where high energy sugars are made using CO2 How are these two processes related?  One cannot happen with out the other.  The Light dependent needs the NAD+ and ADP from the Calvin cycle, and the Calvin Cycle needs the NADPH and ATP from the Light Dependent Reactions.

4.  What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?  Reactants are CO2, H2O, and light energy.  Products are Glucose (sugars) and O2

5.  Be able to follow the path of electrons through the light-dependent reactions.  Review light reactions worksheet.

6.  What happens when chlorophyll absorbs light?  The electrons get excited and move faster with the added energy

7.  What color light does chlorophyll reflect, absorb? Reflects green and absorbs blue, red Where can chlorophyll be found?  Thyllakoids

8.  What does the Calvin cycle require to take place? NADPH, ATP, CO2 What does it produce? High energy sugars like glucose

9.  What do the light-dependent reactions require to take place? Sunlight and Water  What does it produce? ATP, NADPH, and O2

10. What is water used for in photosynthesis? Replace chlorophyll electrons so the process can keep going.

11. What is the source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis? Comes from breaking apart the water molecules.

12. What does NADP+ carry? electrons

13. What is the photosynthesis equation? 6CO2 + 6H2O+ LE → C6H12O6 + 6O2  Explain what and how reactants are being oxidized and reduced.  H2O is being oxidized (water is being broken apart for its electrons) and CO2 is being reduced (its combining with other molecules to make a larger molecule).

14. When does the Calvin Cycle take place? After the ATP and NADH are produced and CO2 is present.

15. Explain the difference between C3 and C4 plants.  C3 form 3 carbon compound and thrive in cooler temperatures.  C4 form 4 carbon compound and thrive in hotter more arid climates. C3 ex soybeans.  C4 example would be corn

16. Describe the structure of a chloroplast. Thyllakoid membranes and the open space is the stroma

17. What do each of the different types of fermentation produce? Alcoholic Fermentation produces alcohol and CO2.  Lactic Acid fermentation produces Lactic acid.

18. What is glycolysis dependent upon to occur? Glucose, ATP, and NAD+

19. What does gylcolysis produce? NADH, Pyruvic Acid, and ATP

20. What does Krebs cycle produce? 2 ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2

21. What does the electron transport chain produce? 32 ATP, H2O

22. What is the correct order of events in aerobic respiration? Glycolosys, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
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23. What provides the energy necessary for protons to be transported across the membranes of the mitochonria? Electrons moving down the membrane

24. Where do each of the different reactions take place (both anaerobic & aerobic) within the cell? Anaerobic in the cytoplasm, aerobic in the mitochondria (krebs cycle in the matrix, ETC in the Cristae)

25. What biochemical pathway produces the most ATP?  How much ATP is produced at each stage? The Electron transport chain.  Glycolysis 2; Krebs 2; ETC 32

26. How efficient is cellular respiration compared to glycolysis alone? 18x’s more efficient than just glycolysis.

27. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?  Aerobic is with oxygen present, anaerobic is when O2 runs out.  Aerobic produces much more ATP. When are each used by cells?  When would each be used during exercise?  Aerobic used during jogging and other activities that are not very intense.  Anaerobic is used when we are sprinting or lifting weights and we burn through the oxygen more quickly.

28. Why must pyruvic acid be converted to acetyl coA after glycolysis?  How does acetyl coA get into the mitochondria? Pyruvic acid is too big. Gets into mitochondria using active transport.

29. In the equation for cellular respiration, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced?  .Explain oxidation/reduction reactions.  Glucose is being oxidized (losing electrons which = oxidation) and O2 is being reduced (gaining electrons which = reduced). 

30. What do thylakoids and cristae have in common?  They are both membranes where an Electron transport chain takes place in their respective organelles.

31. What do mitochondra and chloroplasts have in common? Both are plastids which are organelles that deal with energy (chloroplasts store energy and mitochondria release energy).  Both have membranes for ETC and both have spaces for their respective cycles.

32. In aerobic respiration, what donates electrons to the ETC? NADH and FADH2

33. During which of the steps of aerobic respiration is water made? Electron Transport Chain

34. If humans did not breathe in oxygen what would we not be able to do? Produce large amounts of ATP

35. Compare and contrast exergonic and endergonic reactions. Do not worry about this one.  We have taken it off the test.