Huge - U5

Intro

  • agriculture: deliberate modification of the earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance of economic gain

    • planting crops and raising domesticated animals

1st agricultural revolution

  • aka neolithic revolution

  • invention of farming and domesticating animals

    • 800-1400 yrs ago

    • + diffusion from several source regions

    • stopped moving, non-nomadic, stopped hunting and gathering

    • domesticated animals = help w agriculture and raise food

  • land w resources

  • southwest asia integrated animals and plants first

  • hearths:

    • mesoamerica

    • andead america

    • west africa

    • nile river

    • mesopotamia

    • indus river

    • ganges delta

    • east china

  • shifts in agriculture in Columbian exchange

  • plant cultivation = evolved from trial and error, accidental

    • 1st form = sauer, vegetative planting

      • cloning from existing plants (cutting stems, diving roots in se asia)

    • vegetative planting hearths

      • south east asia, northern latin america

    • seed planting hearths

      • south mexico, some of south western asia

    • crop hearths

      • latin america, southwest asia, east asia, sub-saharan africa, southeast asia

  • seed agriculture later

Hunting and Gathering

  • before neolithic rev

  • hunting animals, wild fruits and veg

  • small groups

  • men = hunt, fish

    • women = berries, nuts, roots

  • where and when they traveled depend on the seasonal growth of plants and migration of animals

2nd agricultural revolution

  • linked with 1st industrial revolution

    • 1700 - 1900

  • supported by govt

    • ex. enclosure act of great britain = encouraged field consolidation

  • new technology, machines

    • seed drill, reapers and threshers, cotton gin

  • surplus, extra = feeding factory workers and to make a profit

    • commercialization

  • new stuff made

    • railroads

    • chemical fertilizer

      • afrifical feeding

    • breeding of livestock

  • large scale irrigation

  • more consumers

  • fewer, larger farms

  • to succeed

    • govt action

    • new crops

    • new agri tech

    • new transportation tech

    • economics

the Reaper tool

  • cyprus mccormick

  • increased harvest speed, wheat

  • less people

  • beginning of commercialization of agri

    • surplus for trade

  • widespread urbanization, smaller families

Columbian Exchange

  • new crops from europe from trade w americas

  • corn, potatoes, turkeys

    • relocation diffusion

  • new lands, “marginal'“ → cultivation

commercial v subsistence

  • commercial: selling products for money

    • monoculture: growing one crop

      • sold cheap - profit

    • economies of scale

    • in more developed countries

  • subsistence: for direct consumption by family/friends/locals

    • small scale, low tech, human labor

    • sell in village/trade

    • low income regions/developing countries

    • ex. sub saharan africa

labor-intensive agriculture capital intensive

  • labor intensive: lots of human work applied per unit of output

    • subsistence agriculture = human labor

  • capital intensive: large amounts of capital (money, equipment, buildings, used to make goods) applied per unit of output

    • commercial

intensive and extensive land use

  • intensive land use: small area farms/ranches, lots of labor, produces lots of product

    • subsistence agriculture

    • rice paddies in china

  • extensive land use: large-area farms/ranches, low labor, lots of product

    • cattle ranch in colorado

    • pastoral nomadism (taking animals as you move)

beef industry

  • both intensive and extensive

  • raising lots of cattle in wyoming

    • extensive

  • once reached maturity

    • intensive

  • taken to feedlots (CAFOs)

  • fed corn, water = fatten

  • sent to be profited from

  • advantages: easy way to raise lots of cattle for beef production

  • subsides/funding from govt for farmers

  • disadvantages: meant to consume grass/given antibiotics (which we eat), e coli contamination, treatment

  • extensive commercial = livestock ranching

  • extensive subsistence = slash and burn

plants

  • climate regions take part

  • patterns

modifications

  • humans altering land to promote agriculture

  • space: clear, modify

  • water: irrigation, old new ways to control i want is sporadic

  • light: artificial, aid in photosynthesis

  • nutrients: fertilizers to grow quickly

  • suitable temp: shelters for plants to grow

Green Revolution

  • 3rd agri rev

  • diffusion and spread of tech and practices to LDCs

    • mexico and asia (India)

  • Norman Borlaug in 1960s

  • goal = more weak to prevent famine

1930 begin

  • increased mechanization, more machines

    • more efficiency

biotechnological phase

  • more fertilizer

    • replacing manure

  • starting herbicides, pesticides, fungicides to increase yields/crops

  • u.s. → europe → rest of world

effects

  • hybrid seeds = more crops, disease resistant

  • GMOs = genetically modified organisms: alternating dna of plants

positives

  • higher yields/crops

    • corn and wheat, rice

  • world hunger reduced by 45%

  • money for research and biz

  • raise farmer income

    • (large landowners)

  • food price reduce

where impacted

  • south asia - india

  • east/se asia - indonesia, viet

  • latin america - mexico

  • due to types of crops

not impacted

  • sub-saharan africa no benefit

  • cannot grow rice and wheat

  • no govt support

    • pricey

  • lack infrastructure

    • transportation

negatives

  • small farmers harmed

    • forced off their land

  • increase between LCD and MDC gap

  • more machines = rural wage decrease

    • loss of jobs

  • gmos = need more water

    • loss of water in certain areas

  • land damage due to fertilizers and other chemicals

    • pollution

  • gender

    • women cannot get loans from banks

    • cannot get machines and chemicals

    • increases gender inequality

agri-business

  • agriculture + big business

  • large corporations

  • production and distribution = more efficient and more cheaper for consumers

  • value added

    • turning crops into products

Genetically Modified Crops (GMO’s)

  • originally used hybrid seeds

  • crops that carry new traits

  • physically and scientifically inserted

  • dna changed completely

  • conventional plant breeding

    • breeding two types of plants to make a better plant, mix

  • genetic engineering technologies

    • completely changing dna, adding dna to change (1) plant

  • stats

    • in 75% of all processed foods

    • poor countries = do not have access

    • biggest producers

      • u.s.

      • canada

      • brazil

      • argentina

      • india

  • crops w gmos

    • rice, corn, wheat, salmon, soy beans, tomatoes, cotton

Organic Agriculture

  • everything natural - has become more popular

    • in MDC because pricey

  • no chemicals

  • raising livestock w no hormones

    • fed normally

  • not industrially produced

Agricultural Patterns

  • how land is used

Cadastral Systems (establishing property boundaries)

  • agricultural boundaries and borders

  • township & range system/rectangular survey system

    • u.s. govt

      • wanted to move non indians across farmlands

      • westward migration (leaving east)

      • uniformity

    • made farms on grid system

    • adapted after american revolution

    • 1 sq mile sections

      • 6 mi long and wide

      • 640 acres per sections

      • further divided

  • metes and bounds survey

    • natural features to mark irregular parcels of land

    • early east coast

    • england

  • long lot survey system

    • southern

    • diving into narrow parcels

      • river and canals for transportation

    • french

Agr. settlements/types of village planning

  • traditional farm-village

  • linear village

    • streams

  • cluster village (nucleated)

    • two ro

  • dispersed settlement

  • round village:

    • protects livestock

  • walled village:

    • ancient times

    • middle ages

  • grid village:

    • based on greek model

    • grid

  • political: land laws that favor men

  • van thunen discovered that farmers want to maximize their profits as much as possible

    • effects location, relative to market

  • minimize rent/land, transportation, and waste

  • 1826, industrial revolution

  • model explains developments of agricultural towns and cities

  • assumptions need to be made - to make model fit

    • centrally located city

    • isolate state

    • self sufficient

    • flat land, no rivers or mountains

    • soil quality and weather consistent

    • no roads

    • farmers transport their own goods to market

  • blue ring: market; where sell

    • hearth

    • ppl live and work

    • products are brought to be sold

  • red: dairy, milk shed

    • horticulture

      • fruits, berries, veg

      • flowers

    • dairy

    • spoil quickly

  • green: forest

    • wood to build things

    • firewood

  • yellow: grains

    • extensive

    • lots of land

  • orange: livestock ranching

    • room to roam

    • walk themselves

  • after - un occupied wilderness

  • least expensive: 4

  • more expensive'; 1

  • further 4: higher transport costs

  • vice versa

closer to city = price of land increase = bid rent theory

need to balance cost

Urban Center

  • 1: urban market

  • 2. high transportation items

  • agribusiness: combination of both, sum total of all operations involved in manufacturing, nad distribution, storing and processing product.

    • agriculture + business

    • large scale to make profit

  • system

    • input sector: provides producer/farmer with money, machinery, feed, and seed needed to operate

      • 75 percent

      • greater efficiency

    • production center: producing crops and livestock

    • manufacturing/processing sector: processing, to sell to market and consumers

  • areas of agribusiness

    • farm supplies

    • production

    • processing

    • marketing

    • research and extension

    • govt policies and programmers

    • sales, banker

  • agribusiness: contributes to world economy, single most important

    • employment for nearly half of population

  • small family farms are starting to decrease because of globalization

    • competition

  • economies of scale: costs advantages reaped by companies

    • large corporations make farming very efficient

    • increase production of crop = decrease cost of making crop

    • bulk buying, marketing, risk bearing, financial

  • vertical integration: company owes several small businesses, involved in diff steps of making product

    • more control

  • supply chain: system that combines resources, producers, etc.

    • owned by major corporations (usually)

    • production to table

  • commodity chain: growing to production

  • worldwide = 1 mill malnourished ppl

  • productive farmlands are lost to housing and retail developments

  • food deserts = limited access to fresh, nutritious food

    • fast food options

    • not much produce

  • desertification: spread of desert like conditions in semi arid climates resulting in long term or permanent changes in the characteristics of the biome

    • causes: shifting cultivation, pastoral nomadism

    • type of farming destroys the land

    • impacts people’s living conditions, leads to unemployment, forced migration, poverty

    • solutions: tree planting, women focusing on education on farming

  • deforestation: taking down trees to grow certain crops