APUSH RISE OF MASS DEMOCRACY TEST
Chapter 11: The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic 1800-1812
Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
Thomas Jefferson faced accusations from Federalists of having an affair with one of his slaves, marking one of America’s first false smear campaigns.
The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800"
Jefferson defeated John Adams in the election of 1800 with 73 to 65 electoral votes.
The term "Revolution of 1800" indicates that no Federalist president followed this election, marking a significant political shift.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
Unlike previous presidents, Jefferson maintained many public servants regardless of political affiliation.
Jeffersonian Restraint
Quickly acted to pardon prisoners affected by the Sedition Acts.
The Naturalization Law of 1802 reduced residency requirement from 14 years back to 5 years.
Repealed the excise tax, reflecting his fiscal philosophy.
Albert Gallatin: Secretary of Treasury
Gallatin believed national debt was not beneficial and worked to reduce it during Jefferson's presidency.
The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary
Judiciary Act of 1801: Instituted by expiring Federalists to create additional federal judgeships.
Republicans repealed this act and removed 16 judges, except Chief Justice John Marshall, who remained influential for years and shaped American law.
James Madison, appointed as Secretary of State, was involved in significant court cases, notably Marbury vs. Madison.
Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
The court ruled that while Marbury had the right to his salary, the Court couldn’t enforce this, thus establishing judicial review as a key principle in U.S. law.
Samuel Chase's Impeachment Attempt
The Democratic-Republican Congress attempted to impeach Chase, a Supreme Court justice, but failed to acquire enough votes.
Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior
Jefferson aimed to reduce military size but had to adapt policy after conflicts with Tripoli, leading to a costly naval engagement.
Resulted in the U.S. paying $60,000 to Tripoli for the release of captured Americans.
The Louisiana Godsend
Jefferson sought to secure land after Napoleon acquired it from Spain in 1800.
He sent Monroe and Livingston to purchase land, ultimately acquiring all of Louisiana in 1803 for $15 million, dramatically expanding U.S. territory.
Purchase rationale: Napoleon needed cash and sought to avoid British control over the new territory.
Aaron Burr Conspiracies
After being dropped from Jefferson’s cabinet, Burr plotted to separate New England and New York.
This led to a duel with Alexander Hamilton, resulting in Hamilton’s death, further complicating the political landscape.
A Precarious Neutrality
Jefferson won reelection in 1804, but faced escalating tensions with Britain and France, leading to the Chesapeake Affair which provoked further strife.
The Hated Embargo
In 1807, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act to protect American interests, banning exports and resulting in widespread disdain among merchants.
The act was repealed in 1809, replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act, which allowed trade with all except France and Britain.
Madison's Gamble
James Madison, succeeding Jefferson, enacted Macon's Bill No. 2 and attempted to navigate trade relations with Britain and France, ultimately leading to renewed tensions.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
The Twelfth Congress in 1811 included war hawks demanding action against British support of Native American resistance; Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa led unified Indian efforts against settlers.
Mr. Madison's War
Madison sought a declaration of war against Britain in 1812, driven by a desire to assert national rights and territorial ambitions, particularly regarding Canada.
Chapter 12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism (1812-1824)
On to Canada over Land and Lakes
American attempts to invade Canada from multiple fronts were initially unsuccessful.
Naval victories, like Oliver Hazard Perry’s on Lake Erie, proved significant in turning the tide.
Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended
In 1814, British forces burned Washington, D.C.; however, they faced fierce resistance in New Orleans, led by Andrew Jackson.
The Treaty of Ghent
Signed December 24, 1814, it ended hostilities and restored pre-war boundaries, with both sides agreeing to cease fighting.
Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention
Federalists expressed grievances over the war at the Hartford Convention in 1814, which proposed several constitutional amendments but ultimately waned in influence post-war.
The Second War for American Independence
The War of 1812 demonstrated the U.S. resolve to defend its interests, marking a newfound sense of nationalism.
The Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
An agreement between the U.S. and Britain that limited naval armament on the Great Lakes.
Nascent Nationalism
Heightened nationalism post-war led to the expansion of the army and navy and the revival of the Bank of the United States in 1816.
The American System
Henry Clay's plan focused on economic growth through a strong banking system, protective tariffs, and infrastructure development.
Madison vetoed proposals for federal funding of infrastructure.
The So-Called Era of Good Feelings
James Monroe's presidency (1816 election) symbolized a temporary pause in partisan divisions, with the Federalist Party diminishing.
The Panic of 1819
Sparked by over-speculation and impacting western farmers heavily, leading to financial instability.
Growing Pains of the West
Between 1791 and 1819, nine new states joined; expansion was fueled by cheap land and infrastructure development.
Slavery and the Sectional Balance
The Tallmadge Amendment aimed to limit slavery in Missouri but was defeated; compromise was sought with the Missouri Compromise, balancing slave and free states.
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
Landmark cases like McCulloch vs. Maryland reinforced federal authority over state actions, significantly shaping the legal landscape.
Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida
The Anglo-American Convention of 1818 established joint claims on Oregon; the Florida Purchase Treaty (1819) ceded Florida to the U.S. in exchange for Texas claims.
The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Asserted U.S. opposition to European intervention in the Americas, articulating U.S. foreign policy principles, albeit with limited immediate effect.
Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy (1824-1840)
The "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824
In the election process that year, no candidate secured a majority, leading to the House of Representatives deciding the outcome. Henry Clay's role led to accusations of a corrupt bargain when Adams won.
A Yankee Misfit in the White House
John Quincy Adams faced political challenges, championing nationalism amidst emerging party politics.
Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828
The election between Jackson and Adams reflected growing tensions and the rise of a new political landscape.
"Old Hickory" as President
Andrew Jackson’s untraditional background and his embrace of populism marked new political norms.
The Spoils System
The new administration replaced many officials with supporters, causing concerns over competency and governance.
The Tricky "Tariff of Abominations"
The Tariff of 1828 was highly controversial, leading to heightened tensions, particularly with southern states opposing high tariffs.
"Nullies" in the South
South Carolina's methods to challenge the tariffs illustrated growing sectional divides, prompting the need for compromise.
The Trail of Tears
Jackson's Indian Removal policies forcibly relocated thousands of Native Americans, leading to severe consequences and resistance.
The Bank War
Jackson's vendetta against the Bank of the United States represented a significant executive challenge to established financial authority.
The Birth of the Whigs
Emergence of a new political party advocating for reform and internal improvements, opposing Jacksonian policies.
Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury
Economic downturns characterized Van Buren's presidency, leading to proposed policies aimed at stabilizing the economy.
Gone to Texas
During the fight for Texas independence from Mexico, the cultural divide regarding slavery led to significant tensions before annexation debates.
Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840
Harrison's election signified a shift with increased populism in campaigning and reflecting emerging democratic ideals in politics.
Chapter 14: Forging the National Economy (1790-1860)
The Westward Movement
Life for western pioneers was challenging; economic opportunities prompted migration to the frontier.
Shaping the Western Landscape
The fur trade became an initial economic driver fostering regional connections and culture.
The March of Millions
The population surge in the mid-1800s led to considerable social changes and growing urbanization in America.
The Emerald Isle Moves West
The Irish immigration crisis led to increased tensions due to job competition and cultural divisions.
The German Forty-Eighters
Many German immigrants brought distinct cultural attitudes and significantly influenced the American landscape.
Flare-ups of Antiforeignism
Nativism emerged in response to immigration, highlighting societal divides and sparking political movements against immigrants.
Creeping Mechanization
The gradual shift towards industrialization was initially slow, amplifying rapidly as labor supply increased due to immigration.
Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized cotton production, significantly impacting the American South and slavery.
Marvels in Manufacturing
The rise of manufacturing heralded a new economic landscape, exemplified by advances in various industries and innovations.
Workers and "Wage Slaves"
Labor issues surfaced during industrial growth, leading to calls for reforms and recognition of worker rights, including child labor regulations.
Women and the Economy
Women's roles adapted in the changing economy, with limited opportunities and initial movements for greater involvement in education and labor.
Highways and Steamboats
Infrastructure development, including roads and canals, facilitated economic expansion and connected regions across the country.
The Iron Horse
Railroads emerged as critical components of the national economy, linking disparate regions and enabling further industrial growth.
The Transport Web Binds the Union
The creation of an extensive transportation network reinforced interdependence among the eastern, western, and southern economies.
The Market Revolution
Transition from subsistence economies to one focused on nationwide market goods reshaped societal structures and economic practices.
Chapter 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture (1790-1860)
Reviving Religion
The Second Great Awakening spurred religious enthusiasm and activism, influencing various reform movements.
Denominational Diversity
Religious divisions surfaced along class and regional lines, notably regarding slavery.
A Desert Zion in Utah
Mormon settlement in Utah symbolized both religious devotion and cultural conflict as they sought refuge from persecution.
Free Schools for a Free People
The push for public education took root during this era, emphasizing its importance for societal progress.
Higher Goals for Higher Learning
The establishment of state-supported universities responded to growing educational demands, with notable figures advocating for reforms.
An Age of Reform
Shifts in societal views led to calls for criminal justice reform, called attention to mental health issues, and emphasized the role of education in society.
Demon Rum - The "Old Deluder"
The temperance movement gained momentum against rising alcohol consumption and its social consequences, leading to legislative action against alcohol production and consumption.
Women in Revolt
Feminist movements began pushing for rights and greater agency, encapsulating a broader cultural shift towards equality.
Wilderness Utopians
Communal societies attempted to create idealistic communities, often struggling against societal norms and conventional structures.
The Dawn of Scientific Achievement
Medical and scientific advancements reflected a pragmatic approach to progress, prioritizing practical inventions.
Artistic Achievements
American art and architecture drew influences from European styles while beginning to forge its unique identity.
The Blossoming of a National Literature
A blossoming sense of nationalism inspired original American literature, leading to a unique artistic expression after the War of 1812.
Trumpeters of Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism emphasized individual intuition and self-reliance, challenging traditional norms in thought and literature.