W civ Final 61-85

61. Conference at Tehran
The Tehran Conference (1943) was the first meeting between Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin. The main outcome was the agreement to open a second front in Western Europe by launching an invasion of Nazi-occupied France (D-Day) and to discuss post-war arrangements.

62. Berlin Airlift
The Berlin Airlift (1948–1949) was a response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin. The Allies (mainly the U.S. and Britain) supplied West Berlin by air, flying in food, fuel, and other necessities to sustain the population in the face of Soviet restrictions on land access.

63. Containment policy
The U.S. policy of containment, articulated by diplomat George Kennan, aimed to prevent the spread of communism globally during the Cold War, primarily through military and economic means, without directly engaging in wars with the Soviet Union.

64. Who was Chiang Kai-shek?
Chiang Kai-shek was the leader of the Republic of China, both before and after WWII. He was the head of the Kuomintang (KMT), the Chinese Nationalist Party, and fought against the Chinese Communist Party led by Mao Zedong during the Chinese Civil War.

65. Blitzkrieg
Blitzkrieg, or "lightning war," was a German military strategy during WWII that emphasized fast, overwhelming attacks using combined arms tactics, including tanks, air raids, and infantry, designed to shock and quickly defeat the enemy.

66. Which country used women in combat during WWII?
The Soviet Union deployed women in combat roles during WWII. Women served as snipers, fighter pilots (notably the "Night Witches" airwomen), and in various other roles on the front lines.

67. Eastern Europe after WWII became the object of the Cold War. Why?
After WWII, Eastern Europe was primarily controlled by the Soviet Union, which established communist regimes in the region. The West, led by the United States, opposed Soviet influence, and this division marked the beginning of the Cold War as a struggle for ideological, political, and military dominance.

68. Which country was the main concern for the allies after US entry into WWII?
After the U.S. entered WWII, Germany (Nazi Germany) was the main concern for the Allies, especially as they were involved in the Battle of the Atlantic and had made substantial territorial gains in Europe. The U.S. and Britain focused on defeating Germany before fully turning their attention to Japan.

69. Potsdam Agreement
The Potsdam Agreement (1945) was a post-WWII agreement between the Allied powers (the U.S., the Soviet Union, and the UK) regarding the administration of Germany. It included decisions on the occupation, demilitarization, denazification, and reparations from Germany, as well as setting the borders of post-war Europe.

70. What was the Warsaw Pact? Why was it formed?
The Warsaw Pact (1955) was a military alliance of Soviet-aligned communist states in Eastern Europe, created in response to the formation of NATO. Its purpose was to counter NATO's military influence in Europe and to maintain Soviet control over Eastern Bloc countries.

71. D-Day
D-Day refers to the Allied invasion of Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944. It was a turning point in WWII, as the Allies established a foothold in Western Europe and began to push Nazi forces back.

72. What was the purpose of Korea and containment?
Korea became a focal point for the Cold War and the policy of containment. The U.S. and the Soviet Union split Korea into two occupation zones after WWII, with the North becoming a communist state (backed by the USSR) and the South a U.S.-backed democratic state. The Korean War (1950-1953) was part of the larger Cold War struggle to prevent the spread of communism.

73. What was the turning point in the Pacific?
The Battle of Midway (June 1942) was the turning point in the Pacific during WWII. The U.S. Navy decisively defeated the Japanese fleet, sinking four aircraft carriers and severely weakening Japan's naval power.

74. Konrad Adenauer becomes the first West German Federal Republic chancellor
Konrad Adenauer became the first Chancellor of West Germany (1950-1963) after WWII. He played a crucial role in rebuilding West Germany, stabilizing its economy, and fostering integration into Western Europe (including NATO and the European Economic Community).

75. Einsatzgruppen
The Einsatzgruppen were Nazi death squads responsible for mass killings, primarily of Jews, Roma, and political opponents, during WWII. They operated behind the German frontlines, conducting executions by shooting.

76. Lebensraum
Lebensraum ("living space") was a Nazi policy aimed at expanding German territory, particularly into Eastern Europe, to provide space for the German population. It was used to justify the invasion and occupation of countries like Poland and the Soviet Union.

77. Luftwaffe
The Luftwaffe was the aerial warfare branch of the German military during WWII. It was responsible for air operations, including bombing campaigns (such as the Blitz on Britain) and supporting ground forces.

78. German occupation zones after the war
After WWII, Germany was divided into four occupation zones, controlled by the U.S., the UK, the Soviet Union, and France. Berlin, though located in the Soviet zone, was also divided into four sectors. The division of Germany eventually led to the creation of two separate German states (West Germany and East Germany).

79. What was the Marshall Plan?
The Marshall Plan (1948) was an American initiative to provide financial aid to Western Europe to rebuild after WWII. Its goals were to prevent the spread of communism, stimulate economic recovery, and strengthen political stability.

80. What was the 1950’s policy of the West called?
The policy of the West during the 1950s, particularly under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was known as Massive Retaliation. This policy emphasized the use of nuclear weapons in response to any Soviet aggression, deterring potential attacks by the threat of overwhelming force.

81. Who was Winston Churchill?
Winston Churchill was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during WWII (1940-1945, and again from 1951-1955). He is famous for his leadership during the war and his speeches that inspired the British people to continue fighting against Nazi Germany.

82. What was the Final Solution?
The Final Solution was the Nazi plan to systematically exterminate the Jewish population of Europe. It led to the Holocaust, during which six million Jews, along with millions of others, were killed in concentration camps and mass executions.

83. Munich Conference offered Hitler what territory?
The Munich Conference (1938) gave Adolf Hitler the Sudetenland, an ethnically German region of Czechoslovakia, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial expansion. This policy of appeasement failed to prevent WWII.

84. The loss of the Battle of Stalingrad made Hitler realize what?
The defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943) was a major turning point in WWII. Hitler realized that Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union had failed and that a long war of attrition with the USSR was unwinnable.

85. Atomic Bombs were used where?
Atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) during WWII, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of the war.