EXAM 4 study guide

This guide outlines American conflict from the 1830s to the 1870s, highlighting the political fractures of the 1850s, key Civil War battles, and Reconstruction struggles.

Key Concepts:

• Political Fragmentation (1860): The Democratic Party split, aiding Lincoln's Republican victory.

• 1864 Election: Lincoln's National Union Party ticket secured by Union military victories.

Turning Points & Battles:

• Vicksburg Campaign: Gave the Union control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy.

• Seven Pines: Johnston's injury led to Lee commanding the Army of Northern Virginia.

• Chancellorsville: Lee's tactics led to victory but resulted in Jackson's death.

• Antietam: The bloodiest day, enabling Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation.

Legislative Landmarks:

• Contract Labor Act of 1864: Encouraged immigration in exchange for labor.

• Wade-Davis Bill: Required 50% loyalty oath from white male citizens.

• 14th Amendment: Defined citizenship and equal protection, aimed at overturning Black Codes.

Reconstruction Resistance:

• Black Codes: Restrictive laws limiting Black Americans post-war.

• Colfax Massacre (1873): Violent backlash during Reconstruction after a disputed election.

• Impeachment: Andrew Johnson was impeached but not convicted.

Key Questions for Rapid Recall:

• What caused Democratic split in 1860?

• Who replaced Johnston after Seven Pines?

• What was the outcome of Vicksburg?

• What percentage did the Wade-Davis Bill require?

• Who was attacked alongside Lincoln?

• What spurred the Colfax Massacre?

• How close was Johnson to removal?