Endocrine

Page 1: 

  • Hormones are chemicals that act as messengers in the body

  • Messages carried through blood to various organs and tissues

Page 3:

  • Three structural classes of hormones: steroid (LIPIDS), peptide (PROTEIN), amine (TYROSINE)

  • Three signaling classes: autocrine (signals itself) , endocrine (Signal in blood), paracrine (Signal acts on area cells- Regional)

Page 4:

  • Hypothalamus controls hormone production in the pituitary gland

  • Below the thalamus 

  • Part of the nervous and endocrine system 

  • controls hormone production in pituitary through several relaxin hormones 

    • GROWTH HORMONE

    • GONADOTROPIN HORMONE

    • CORTICOTROPIN HORMONE

    • THYROTROPIN HORMONE 

    • DOPAMINE

Page 5:

  • Pituitary gland receives messages from the hypothalamus

  • Acts as the master gland

  • Releases hormones like TSH, growth hormone, ACTH, etc.

  • oxytocin 

  • Diabetes Insipidus: Lack of ADH antidiuretic hormone

Page 6:

  • Thyroid gland requires iodine for function

  • Hormones produced: thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin

  • Conditions like goiter-enlarged thyroid, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism

  • Hypothyroid: Low T4 and TSH High; edema, obesity, lethargy

  • Hyper thyroid: Excess of the T4 TSH is low; nervousness and weight loss



Page 7:

  • Parathyroid gland: Controls calcium and phosphorus levels; located behind the thymus

    • PTH-Parathyroid hormone takes calcium from the bones so it can be in blood and help muscle contraction

    • Low calcium causes irregular heartbeat, muscle spasms, possibly difficulty breathing

  • Adrenal cortex produces cortisol and aldosterone and located on top of the kidneys 

    • Cortisol: response to stress, control metabolism, and bp

    • Aldosterone: health regulate BP, impacts blood volume

  • Adrenal medulla releases 

    • norepinephrine (Neurotransmitter) and epinephrine (Hormone) : Fight or flight

    • Androgens/estrogens: sex hormones

  • Controls sugar and burning of proteins and fat

  • and aldosterone which controls blood volume and blood pressure

  • Adison is too little cortisol

  • Cushing's Syndrome: Excess Cortisol (ACHCL) low growth hormone

Page 8:

  • Thymus is part of the immune system

  • Secretes humoral factors for lymphoid system development

  • Very large when you are born, weighs most at puberty and then it's replaced by fat. 

  • Located in the chest between the lungs and sternum

  • Maturation of white blood cells (Lymphocytes)

  • Hormones: Tyrosine (T-cell) 

  • Lab tests: Chest x-ray, CT scan, MRI scan, PET scan

  • Tyrosine: blood test see the autoimmune and cancer

  • What are 3 disorders: PRCA, Myasthenia provis , Hypoglomina 

  • Hormones are called humoral factors

Page 9:

  • Pancreas regulates blood sugar levels

  • Insulin hormone decreases glucose levels, while glucagon increases it by releasing it into the bloodstream

  • Organ of the digestive and endocrine system 

  • Less than 25 Mlu/L for after 8 hours (Insulin)

  • After glucose 20-200 (Insulin)

  • Glucagon 50-100

  • Type 1> Make little to no insulin has to do with immune system

  • Type: 2 condition the characterized by inefficient regulation of glucose: 

    • There is ADH: Anti Diuretic hormones ADH 

  • Amylase and Lipase are 2 enzymes used to diagnose Pancreatitis 

    • Help black down sugar, fat and starchers

  • Causes of Pancreatitis:Gallstones: Hypertriglycemia, alcohol use


Page 10:

  • Pineal gland controls puberty onset and sleep cycle

  • Melatonin: production and release is connected to the time in day increasing at night. 


Locations of each gland:

  • Hypothalamus: At the base of the brain, near the optic chiasm

  • Pineal body: In the middle of the brain, below the corpus callosum

  • Pituitary gland: Below the brain

  • Thyroid: In front of the neck, below the larynx (voice box)

  • Adrenal gland: On top of each kidney

  • Pancreas: Behind the stomach, across the back of the belly (abdomen)

  • Thymus: Between the lungs and sternum

  • Structural classes and signaling classes

  • Two kidney tests

  • Uric acid: associated with Gout

  • Uric acid diseases

  • Hypothyroid T4 low and TH high

  • Hyperthyroid T4 high and TH low

Kidney:

  • Middle of the back, size of fist, shape of kidney bean, accesses filtration system, removes waste, produces urine

  • Vitamin d: absorbs calcium and phosphate from gut into bloodstream

  • Erythropoietin (EPO): Helps the bone marrow produce red blood cells

  • Aldosterone: Regulates the sodium values 

  • Diseases: Kidney Failure: becomes overloaded with toxins 

  • Lupus: Autoimmune disease

  • Glomerulonephritis: InflAtion and treated with medications

  • Cystinosis: Treated with Cystine

  • Blood test; Urine test 

  • Albumin Below 30 mg/g

  • The GFR measure s how well the kidnes filter blood

Matching remember 

  • Hormone with its function: 

Hypothalamus hormones

  • GROWTH HORMONE: promotes growth in children, helps maintain normal body structure in adults and plays a role in metabolism in both children and adults.

  • GONADOTROPIN HORMONE: make the sex hormones testosterone, estrogen and progesterone.

  • CORTICOTROPIN HORMONE: the main element that drives the body's response to stress. It is also present in diseases that cause inflammation.

  • THYROTROPIN HORMONE: stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin from the anterior pituitary. 

  • DOPAMINE: acts on areas of the brain to give you feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation.

pituitary gland hormones

  • TSH: tells the thyroid gland to make hormones

  • GH: growth hormone controls growth and development

  • ACTH: tells adrenal glands to make hormones to regulate stress

  • FSH: involved in reproductive system

  • LH: involved in reproductive system

  • Prolactin: stimulates breast milk production

Thyroid gland hormones

  • Thyroxine:

  • Triiodothyronine:

  • Calcitonin:

parathyroid hormones

  • PTH:

Adrenal gland hormones

  • Cortisol: Cortisol plays an important role in the stress response. Maintaining an adequate balance of cortisol is essential for health.


  • Aldosterone: It helps control the balance of water and salts in the kidney by keeping sodium in and releasing potassium from the body. Too much aldosterone can cause high blood pressure and a build-up of fluid in body tissues.


  • Norepinephrine: a neurotransmitter of the brain that plays an essential role in the regulation of arousal, attention, cognitive function, and stress reactions.


  • Epinephrine:It is a stimulant that raises heart rate and blood pressure.

Thymus hormones

  • Humoral factors: soluble substances that are transported by the circulatory system, or released at a target tissue, and include hormones in the endocrine system and humoral immunity factors in the immune system.


  • Thymosin: stimulates T cell production

Pancreas hormones

  • Insulin: regulates blood sugar by helping glucose enter cells for energy

  • Glucagon: helps regulate blood sugar levels

Pineal gland hormones

  • Melatonin: wake/sleep, onset of puberty


  • Diseases associated with what: