Extra stuff

  • Plasmids are extracellular dna

  • Mitochondria came from proteobacteria engulfed by another cell

  • Chloroplasts-cyanobacteria

  • Louis Pastuer-disproved spontaneous gen, germ theory of disease

  • Van-microscopes

  • Jenner-first vaccine (smallpox)

  • Ignaz semmelweis- handwashing

  • Snow-epidemiology/cholera

  • Koch-one microbe, one disease

  • Ehrlich salvarsan

  • Fleming-penicillin

  • spirochete-flexible

  • spirilla-rigid

  • denaturation-disrupts protein function

  • Resolution-crispness and detail

  • Bacillus and clostridium produce endospores

  • in positive staining, basic dyes bind to negatively charged components

  • shorter wavelengths yield better resolution

  • hopanoids strengthen membranes and increase fluidity

  • Glycoproteins/glycolipids help with signaling

  • Peptidoglycan is made up of NAG and NAM

    • techoic acid-only gram positive bacteria

  • endotoxin

  • Scanning-surface