Period 7

Isolationism dominated after WWI; many wanted to avoid foreign entanglements.
The Neutrality Acts in the 1930s reflected this desire to stay out of conflicts.
Shifted toward interventionism after events like the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Causes: Stock market crash (1929), bank failures, overproduction, unequal wealth distribution, and weak international trade.
Hoovervilles: Shantytowns named after President Hoover, symbolizing public anger at his response.
New Deal: FDR’s programs to revive the economy, provide relief, and reform systems.
- Examples:
  - Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): Paid farmers to reduce crops to raise prices.
  - Social Security Act (1935): Provided pensions and unemployment insurance.
  - Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): Built dams to provide electricity and jobs.

Harlem Renaissance: Cultural, artistic, and intellectual explosion centered in Harlem, NY.
Leaders like W.E.B. Du Bois advocated for civil rights and political activism.
The Great Migration: Movement of African Americans from the rural South to Northern cities for better opportunities.
Despite progress, segregation and discrimination persisted.

How it started: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand; complex alliances; nationalism; militarism; imperialism.
Funding: War bonds, increased taxes.
Fought: Trench warfare, new technology (machine guns, tanks, chemical weapons).
Supporters: President Wilson (initially neutral, then pro-war for “making the world safe for democracy”).
Opponents: Pacifists, isolationists, some socialists, and ethnic groups with ties to Central Powers.
Jingoism: Extreme patriotism, aggressive foreign policy, often pushing for war.

How it started: German invasion of Poland (1939), rise of fascism, Japanese expansion in Asia.
Fought: Total war with global theaters; technology like aircraft, tanks, atomic bombs.
Home front: War production, rationing, women in workforce (Rosie the Riveter), internment of Japanese Americans.
Lend-Lease Act: Allowed the U.S. to supply Allies with war materials before officially entering the war.

Driven by economic interests, military strategy, and cultural beliefs (Manifest Destiny extended overseas).
Example: Spanish-American War (1898) led to control over Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam.
Columbia Easter Bonnet cartoon: Symbolizes U.S. imperialism and expansionism; useful to review for visual understanding.

Republicans: Generally favored business interests, limited government intervention in economy (pre-Depression), isolationism.
Democrats: Under FDR, supported New Deal reforms, government intervention to address economic issues, more internationalist stance during WWII.

Photographer and journalist who exposed poor living conditions in NYC tenements (e.g., How the Other Half Lives).
Early advocate for social reform.

Widespread suspicion and racism led to internment camps.
Korematsu v. United States (1944): Supreme Court upheld internment as a wartime necessity, later widely criticized.

President Wilson’s plan for post-WWI peace.
Advocated self-determination, free trade, open diplomacy, and League of Nations.
Some points ignored by Allies; U.S. Senate rejected League membership.

Restrictive immigration laws in the 1920s (e.g., Immigration Act of 1924) limiting Southern and Eastern Europeans and Asians.
Rise of nativism and xenophobia.

Asserted U.S. right to intervene in Latin America to stabilize economic affairs and prevent European intervention.
Marked a more interventionist U.S. foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere.