Practical-Research-1-2

Research: Scientific investigation involving collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of facts, linking speculation with reality.

Importance of ethics
Ethical practices include:
- Objectivity and integrity
- Respect for subjects' rights
- Accurate presentation of findings
- Acknowledging collaborators
Unethical practices include deception, invasion of privacy, and misrepresentation of data

Definition: Fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism (FFP)
FABRICATION: making up data or results and recording/reporting them.
FALSIFICATION: manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.
PLAGIARISM: appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or without giving appreciate credit.
RESEARCH MISCONDUCT: does not include honest error/differences of opinion.

Criteria for Choice of Research Problems

Step 1: Identify and develop a topic
Selecting a topic can be the most challenging part of a research assignment.
Step 2: Preliminary search for information
Do premilinary search to determine whether there is enough information out there for your needs and to set the context of your research.
Step 3: Locate materials
With the direction of your research now clear to you, you can begin locating material on your topic.
Step 4: Evaluate sources for reliability
Provide credible, truthful, and reliable information and you have every right to expect that the sources you use are providing the same.
Step 5: Make notes
Consult the research you have chosen and note the information that will be useful in your paper.
Step 6: Write paper
Organize the information you have collected
Step 7: Cite sources properly
Give credit where credit is due; cute your sources. Failure to cite your sources properly is plagiarism. Plagiarism is avoidable!
Step 8: Proofread
Read through the text and check for any errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Make sure the sources you use are cited properly.

Research process diagram that includes the following research processes:

Select a general problem.
Review the literature of the problem.
Select a specific research problem, question, or hypothesis.
Collecy data.
Analyze and present or display data.
Interpret the findings and state conclusions or generalizations regarding the problem.

SELECT A GENERAL PROBLEM

REVIEW THE LITERATURE OF THE PROBLEM

COLLECT DATA

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCH

INTELLECTUAL CURIOSITY - researcher undertakes deep thinking and inquiry of the things, problems, and situations around him.
PRUDENCE - researcher is careful to conduct his research study at the right time and right place wisely, efficient and economically.
HEALTHY CRITICISM - the researcher is always doubt as to the truthfulness of the results
INTELLECTUAL HONESTY - honest to collect or gather data or facts in order to arrive to honest results
INTELLECTUAL CREATIVITY - productive and resourceful investigator always creates new researches

Quantitative Research: Focuses on quantifiable data, objective analysis
Type of educational research in which the researcher relies on the view of participants; ask abroad, general questions; collect data consisting largely word (text ) from participants; describes and analyze these words for themes; and conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased manner.
Qualitative Research: Focuses on understanding participant perspectives, subjective analysis
Type of educational research in which the researcher decide what to study; ask specific, narrow questions; collect quantifiable data from participants; analyze these numbers using statistics; and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner.
“Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted” — EINSTEIN

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

NATURALISTIC INQUIRY - Studying real-world situations as they unfold naturally; non-manipulative, unobtrusive, and non-controlling; openness to whatever emerges—lack of predetermined constraints on outcomes.
INDUCTIVE ANALYSIS - Immersion in the details and specific of the data to discover important categories, dimensions, and interrelationship; begin by exploring genuinely open questions rather than testing theoretically derived (deductive) hypotheses.
HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE - whole phenomenon under study is understood as a complex system that is more than the sum of its parts; focus is on complex interdependencies not meaningfully reduced to a few discrete variables and linear, cause-effect relationships.