PROCCHE_example industries (veg oil essential oil soap)

Page 1: Introduction

  • Course: General Chemical Calculations in Chemical Process Industries

  • Topics Covered: Vegetable Oil, Essential Oil, Soaps

  • Instructor: Cynthia F. Madrazo

Page 2: Overview of Fats, Oils, and Waxes

  • Classification and characteristics of fats, oils, and waxes.

Page 3: Fats, Oils, and Waxes

  • Continued discussions from previous page.

Page 4: Fats, Oils, and Waxes

  • Further exploration of fats, oils, and their properties.

Page 5: Refined Vegetable Oil

  • Composition: Mostly composed of triglycerides (>99%).

  • Triglycerides: Main type of fat found in oils.

Page 6: Additional Information

  • Further exploration of vegetable oils without specific details.

Page 7: Additional Information

  • Continued discussion without specific details.

Page 8: Triglycerides

  • Definition: Fats made of glycerol and three fatty acids.

  • Key role in nutrition and industrial applications.

Page 9: Additional Information

  • Continued discussion without specific details.

Page 10: Additional Information

  • Continued discussion without specific details.

Page 11: Fatty Acid Composition of Plant Oils

  • Sources:

    • Richard D. O'Brien

    • Walter E. Farr

    • Peter J. Wan

    • Reference: "Introduction to Fats and Oils Technology" (2nd Edition).

    • Online version available at Knovel.

Page 12: Riegel’s Industrial Chemistry Handbook

  • Continuation of important resources for chemical processing.

Page 13: Octadecanoic Acid (Stearic Acid)

  • Found in animal fats; utilized for making candles and soap.

  • Important fatty acid for various applications in industries.

Page 14: RBD Oil and Characteristics

  • RBD (Refined Bleached Deodorized) Oil: Mostly composed of triglycerides (>99%).

    • Iodine Value: Measures unsaturation; amount of iodine in grams absorbed by 100 grams of oil.

    • Peroxide Value: Fresh oils have <10 mEq/Kg; values above indicate rancidity.

    • Saponification Value: Milligrams of KOH needed to neutralize fatty acids from 1g of fat.

  • Reference: Free Fatty Acid (FFA).

Page 15: Composition of Crude Vegetable Oil

  • Includes:

    • Triglycerides

    • Free Fatty Acids

    • Phosphatides

    • Moisture

    • Waxes

    • Oxidation Products

    • Color Pigments

    • Tocopherols

    • Sterols

Page 16: Composition Details of Oils

  • Crude Vegetable Oil Contains:

    • Triglycerides

    • Free Fatty Acids and volatile compounds

    • Phosphatides

    • Sterols

    • Tocopherols

    • Pigments

    • Moisture

  • RBD Oil: Triglycerides and low levels of FFA (<0.3%).

Page 17: Oil Processing Overview

  • Stages and techniques in oil processing.

Page 18: Continued Oil Processing Discussion

  • Further details related to techniques and methods in oil processing.

Page 19: Additional Information

  • Continued discussion of processes without specific details.

Page 20: Additional Information

  • Further advancement in oil processing techniques.

Page 21: Extraction of Oil

  • Vegetable oil refining overview and methodologies.

Page 22: Additional Information

  • Continued refining discussions and techniques.

Page 23: Pigments and Treatment

  • Carotenoid pigments and their treatment with activated clays.

  • Chlorophyll treated with activated carbon.

  • Importance in oil refining and processing.

Page 24: Additional Refining Information

  • Continued detailed discussions on oil refinement methods.

Page 25: Additional Refining Information

  • Further insights into oil refining processes.

Page 26: Vegetable Oil Refining and Modification

  • Overview of the refining and modification processes.

Page 27: Further Refining Techniques

  • Continued exploration of vegetable oil processing and techniques.

Page 28: Additional Information

  • Ongoing discussion of vegetable oil refining.

Page 29: Fatty Acids

  • Discussion of cis and trans-fatty acids and their implications in health and nutrition.

Page 30: Additional Information

  • Continued exploration without specific details.

Page 31: Additional Information

  • Further details on fatty acids and their properties.

Page 32: Additional Information

  • Continued matters around fats and oils processing.

Page 33: Additional Information

  • Continued insights into oil processing techniques.

Page 34: Oil Processing Insights

  • Further advancement in oil processing discussions.

Page 35: Oleo-Fats Incorporated

  • Established in 1987, a major manufacturer of specialty food oils and ingredients in the Philippines.

  • Varied product portfolio including coconut, palm, specialty fats, and chocolate coatings.

Page 36: Additional Information

  • Continued discussions without specific details.

Page 37: Additional Information

  • Ongoing examination of chemical process industries.

Page 38: Additional Information

  • Continued discussions related to chemical processing.

Page 39: Additional Information

  • Further exploration of processing methodologies.

Page 40: Additional Information

  • Ongoing discussions about processing industries.

Page 41: Further Soap Chemistry Discussions

  • Introduction to soap as water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids.

Page 42: Soap Composition Overview

  • Soap Ingredients: Salts, additives, sodium hydroxide for saponification.

Page 43: Saponification Process

  • Addition of alkali (NaOH) to fatty acids results in soap formation.

Page 44: Soap Processing

  • Preparation of raw materials, saponification, moulding, and packaging of soap products.

Page 45: Raw Materials for Soap Production

  • Key Ingredients: Triglycerides, alkali solution, builders, and additives for optimal soap quality.

Page 46: Types of Soap

  • Sodium soaps (hard) vs. potassium soaps (soft) based on alkali used during saponification.

Page 47: Properties of Common Soap Ingredients

  • Principal fatty materials include tallow and coconut oil.

  • Importance of coconut oil: Provides firmness and good lather due to lauric and myristic acids.

Page 48: Lauric vs. Non-Lauric Oils

  • Characterization of different oil types in soap making.

Page 49: Impact of Composition on Soap Properties

  • Physical properties affected by compositional differences, namely fat hardness and lathering quality.

Page 50: Balancing Properties in Soap Making

  • Importance of balancing fatty acid content for optimal soap hardness and performance.

Page 51: Iodine Value for Soap Blending

  • Use of iodine value (IV) as a predictor for soap hardness in formulatory decisions.

Page 52: Alkali and Builders in Soap Production

  • Stoichiometric mixing of alkali with fats; examples include caustic soda and potash.

Page 53: Bar Soap Additives

  • Ingredients to enhance performance, mildness, and user experience, including glycerol, perfumes, and antimicrobial agents.

Page 54: Composition of Soap Bars

  • The balance of ingredients for various soap properties and effects on skin.

Page 55: Chemistry of Soaps

  • Soaps: Water-soluble salts of fatty acids (C8-C20).

Page 56: Saponification Reaction Details

  • Overview of chemical process during saponification, increased reaction rates under specific conditions.