APP 006

A research design
-is an approach you can use to solve a research problem.


Types of Research Design

• Qualitative
-exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups to a social or human problem.
• Quantitative
-testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variable.
• Mixed
-approach to inquiry that combines both qualitative and quantitative forms.

Quantitative Research Design

• uses numbers in stating generalizations about given problem or inquiry in contrast to qualitative research that hardly uses statistical treatment in stating generalizations.
• makes you focus your mind on specific things by means of statistics that involve collection and study of numerical data.

Some Characteristics of Quantitative Research.

• methods or procedures of data gathering include items like age, gender, educational status, among others, that call for measurable characteristics of the population.
• figures, table or graphs showcase summarized data.
• large population yields more reliable data
• can be repeated to verify findings in another setting.
• puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery

Quantitative Research Design

• EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
> this allows the researcher to control the situation.
> allows the researchers to identify cause and effect relationships between variables and to distinguish placebo effects from treatments effects.
> supports the ability to limit alternative explanations and to infer direct causal relationships in the study.
> highest degree level of evidence for single studies.

RELATED TO EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
1. True Experimental Design - a type of experimental design where the researcher randomly assigns test units and treatments to the experimental groups.
2. Quasi-experimental Design- involves the manipulation of an independent variable without random assignment.
3. Pre-experimental Design -the simplest form of research design. A single group or multiple groups are observed sunsequent to some agent.

• NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
> the researcher observes the phenomena as they occur naturally and no external variables are introduced.
> the variables are not deliberately manipulated nor is the setting controlled.
> collect data without making changes or introducing items.
> also called as DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN because it is only one under non-experimental design.

RELATED TO NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
1. Survey Research Design - used when the researchers intends to provide a quantitative or numeric description or trends, attitudes, opinions of population.
2. Correlational Research - a type of non-experimental research method which researchers measures two variables
3. Comparative Design - involves comparing and contrasting two or more samples of study subjects on one or more variables.
4. Evaluative Design - seeks to asses or judge in some way providing information about something other than might gleaned.

Identifying Kinds of Variables

A variable is a characteristic of an individual or organization that can be observed and measured; it can vary among people of organizations and studies

1. Independent Variable - those that cause, influence, or affect outcomes.
2. Dependent Variable - those that show the effect or results or outcomes of the influence of the independent variables.
3. Intervening or mediating Variable - those that are in-between the independent and dependent variables that is showing the effects of the independent on the dependent variable.
4. Control Variable - those that are measured in a study because they potentially influence the dependent variable
5. Confounding Variable those that are not actually measured but they exist.

Formulating Research Questions and Hypothesis

Statement of the Problem - is the researcher’s guide during the research process.

Types of Statement of the Problem

  1. Main Problem or Major Problem

  • written in declarative form

  • present the main problem which the researchers wish to solve.

    1. Sub-Problems

  • written in interrogative form

  • these are specific questions to answer different aspects of the main problem.

Hypothesis - is a tentative answer to a research problem.

Types of Hypothesis:

  1. Null Hypothesis (Ho)

  • it states the absence of relationship, effect or difference between dependent and independent variables.

    1. Alternative Hypothesis (He)

  • it always predicts that there will be a relationship, effect or difference between the variables being studied.

Writing of Chapter 1

SCOPE

  • refers to the elements that will be covered in a research project.

  • defines the boundaries of the research.

  • it explain to which the researcher area will be explored and thus specifies parameter that will be observed within the study.

  • defines what the study will cover and the elements that it will not.

DELIMITATION

  • explains why certain aspects of a subject were chosen and why others were excluded.

  • aims to narrow the scope of a study.

BENEFIRS AND BENEFICIARIES

  • significance of the study explains which specific groups of people will benefit from your research

  • aim to achieve a positive risk-benefit ratio but should also ensure they safeguard the independence and excellence of the researcher.

  • defines as the positive impact of the research to the parties directly involves.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

  • is an alphabetical list of important terms or acronoyms in the study, particularly ambigous terms or those used in a special way.

  • have special meanings in the research are defined, citing authorities, using citation format

WRITING CHAPTER 2

PLAGIARISM

  • is act of taking another person’s writing conversation, song or even idea and claiming it as your own.

  • includes, information from web pages, books, songs, television show, email messages, interviews, articles, artwork

RELATED LITERATURE

  • composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related.

5 main steps in the process of writing RRL

  1. Search for relevant literature

  2. Evaluate sources

  3. Identify themes, debates and gaps.

  4. Outline the structure

  5. Write your literature review

RELATED STUDY

  • is a review of as many research studies as possible around a particular research problem/question.

  • LOCAL - if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines

  • FOREIGN - if conducted in foreign lands.

TWO TYPES OF CITATION:

  1. IN-TEXT CITATION

  • it refers to a citation in which the author name appears in the sentence itself. EXAMPLE: Nadeau (2013

  1. PARENTHETICAL CITATION

  • it is one that contains the required citation within parenthesis.

    EXAMPLE: Dogs make unique eye contact (Nadeau, 2013)

RESEARCH PARADIGM

  • CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

    • is the researchers idea on how the research problem will have to be explored

    • outline the input, process, and output

    • also called the research paradigm

    • logically how the research is undertaken.

  • THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

    • dwells on time tested theories that embody the findings of numerous investigation on how phenomena occur

    • provides a general representation between things in given phenomenon.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • is a chapter that shows how the problem will be investigated.

  • collecting and analyzing data.

COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

  • it describes a specific approach that you can use to solve the problem in your study.

RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

  • it describes the setting and location of your study.