ap world history heimler videos (all)
unit 1
unit 2
unit 3
unit 4
Spanish expansion
christopher columbus was sponsored to sail across the atlantic by the spanish to find a western route to the spice trade
he thought he fought asia but he actually found two new continents that nobody knew about
spanish voyages to the new world multiplied and helped them establish their rule and claim to a vast world of colonization
marked the opening of hte transatlantic trade
better than indian ocean trade
their established trade in philippines and colonized them
they use the same methods they used in americas
tribute collection, coerced labor
portugal and spain got really rich so others got jealous
the big three who was was france
established presence in canada which established the fur trade
england
sponsoring exploration to the americas
first colony roanoke island sir walter raleigh
jamestown
they wanted in on the indian ocean
they established trading post in mughal empire
dutch
gained independence from spain
became prosperous in europe
dutch control of strategiton through indian ocean and their monopoly on spice trade that increased their power and influence
columbian exchange: the transfer of new diseases, food, plants, and animals between the eastern and western hemispheres → environmental phenomena
disease
because people throughout afro eurasia had been in contact for millennia they have development immunity with the diseases around them
because of the isolation of the indigenous they were not used to it the european diseases lead to lots of death
europeans transferred measles and smallpox to the america
malaria: it was carried through mosquitoes and indigenous peoples died
food and plants
greatly affected both populations in the new and old world
olives, wheat, grapes, rice, bananas, sugar, maize, potatoes
incorporated new foods from africa and asia and the americas
led to healthier populations and it increased in population, longer lifespans
millions of enslaved people brought more foods too
demand increase in europe for these new crops
they used cash cropping
Cash Cropping: A method of agriculture that focuses on growing crops, usually a single crop, primarily for export.
Sugar cane was grown and abundance with the world of african labors
Animals
Horse, sheep, cattle
horse helped the most
resistance to imperialist expansion
Resistance from asian states against the intrusion of western powers in the Indian ocean
Tokugawa Japan
When the portuguese come, they open to it bc he was interested for trading for gunpowder weapons
Big motivations for european imperialism to spread christianity
a growing number Japanese people converted to christianity
shogun thought this was a threat to the unification of japan
suppressed this western foreign religion with brutality and violence
as a result japan isolated itself of the growing influence of european commerce and the indian ocean and only talking to the dutch
Resistance on the local level in european states themselves
the fronde occurred
new edicts increasing taxation
french nobles got fed up and it led peasant rebellions
the monarchy increased in power even more
resistance from the enslaved
in most european colonies enslaved africans were forced to labor on plantations
maroon societies (society of free blacks) runaway slaves
in jamaica colonial troops wanted to crush the free blacks
they signed a treaty for the freedom
effect: expansion of african states
The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of some AFrican states who participated in them, connecting these states to global economic linkages these networks represented, even if the networks were becoming increasingly european centered
asante empire
able to providehighly desired goods that europeans wanted , gold ivory enslaved
it made them so rich that the wealth further enabled the asantes to expand their military and consolidate their political power moreof the reigon
the kindom of the kongo
strong diplomatic ties with the portuguese and provided things like gold and copper and enslaved people
the king converted to christianity in order to facilitate trade with christian satates
change and continuity in netowrkds of exchange
indian ocean network
change
entrance and massive power grabs of european states into this network
Continutity
Middle eastern, south asian, east asian, and southeast asian merchants continued to use indian ocean network
european entrance into this trade network increased profits not only for europeans but also for many of these merchants who had always used the network for trade
long established merchants like the gujaratis continued to make use of indian ocean network
despite growing european dominance on the sea, overland routes like the silk roads were still almost entirely controlled by various asian land based powers
most notably Ming China, Qing, and hte Ottoman Empire
Peasant and artisan labor continued in many regions as demand for food and consumer goods increased as a result of multiplying trade connections
for example as the demand for cotton increased throughout europe peasant farmers in south asia increased their production for export
this increased their standard of living
this also happen silk production for china
Change: atlantic system
opening of the atlantic system
the movement of goods, wealth, and laborers between the eastern and western hemispheres made europeans rich and powerful
sugar
colonial plantations in the caribbean specialized in sugar
silver
the spanish got busy mining izlver int he americas
silver was used to purchase luxury goods form china
satisfied the chinese demand for silver
further developed the commercialization of china’s economy
goods that silver purchased were traded on the atlantic system
unit 5
(heimler live)
Big Idea #1
New ways of thinking embodied in the enlightenment created the occasion for reform and revolution
The enlightenment was a european movement that shifted knowledge from believer to data
natural rights: people have the power to govern themselves and hte government exists through the people's consent
john locke
what is the effects that it had
ideas led to reform movements
womens suffrage (the right ot vote)
movement for abolitionisn (to end slavery)
slave trade is bandnned
Big Idea #2
The ideas of the Enlightenment, combined with rising nationalism, led to various revolutions throughout the world
nationalism: people sense of belonging together from common religion, state, language, social customs, terriitoy - pride ni being who we are
tis combined with englihtnment though leads to relvolutions
american revolution
we see enlightenment ideas in declaration of independence
growing sense of nationalism
repressing colonial or british policies
inspired the french and the hatiain and latin american revolutions
mix of growing sense of nationalism
france has declaration of mannand citizen
big idea #3
the industrial rebolutiion began in britain and transformed the world
industrial rov.ution was a change in how stuff was made for sale
no longer being made by hand
begins in britain bc britain had the right factors, proximity to waterways, lots of raw materials coal iron timber, urbanization was occuring, improved agricultural productivity, etc
the rise of the factory system started in britain too
started bby steam engines
factories were able to mass produce goods
rlly about textiles (clothing)
factories made goods faster and cheaper than people could so labor shifted in the way it was done. there was a great speaciliztion. rise of unskilled labor
big idea #4
as western industrialization spread, middle eastern and asian countries’ share in global manufacturing declined
fancy way of saying as industrialization is taking root in western countries in european countries they are doing more manufacturing in the world so the people who used to do it they are getting less
the rapid deveolpoment of steampower helped europeans help dominate world manufacturing
as it happened it spread and declined in europe, us, russia
TERRIBLE CONDITIONS!!!!
in us there was immigration to urban centers
in russia there was trans-continential railroad construction which had a way of knitting of the people and culture and economy of the state together
same this with us
japan embraced industrializationwas a big outlier in the area of the world
japan did it defensively to protect its domestic constitution
(MEIJI RESTORATION!!!)
big idea #5
the advent of new technologies fundamentally changed the landscape of manufacturing
the industrialization was broken up into two different periods
first one
it majored in textiles
second one
steel
big difference was how they were pweroed
first hald was stem engine/coal second one was the internal combustion engine that was powered by fuel
anothe technology that was paritail to it was RAILROADS!
the effect was to unite large land masses and societies into a single–ish economy
it had a way of making a lot of money
railroads were very good for consolidating colonial power
ceasal roads was trying to link all of the british colonies in africa
there was the telegraph that was a huge leap forward in communication technology
big idea #6
significant economic shifts occurred during this period including the rise of free market capitalism, transnational businesses, and increased standards of living
western european nations began abandoning mercantillism and they were replacing it with free market capitalism
due to adam smith
he argued that government should be lassie faerie
governments should have their hands off their economy let consumers make their own choices
economic shifts: transnational corporatinos
the unileaver
british and dutch venture
focused on household goods
by 1890 they had soap factories
did business all across the world
a new innovation
this led to increased standards of living for a lot of people
when there is more goods can be sold at lower prices so mor epeople could afford it
led to the rise ofthe middle class
big idea #7
as industrialization spread, it created the occasion for some states to enact reforms
unit 6
new imperialism: context:
Several western states set their sights on building maritime empires (sea based empires)
focused on the indian ocean and colonized the americas
ideology #1: nationalism
nationalism: describes a sense of commanality among a people based on shared language, religon, social customs, and that is often linked with a desire for self-rule within a territory
people across the world often understood themselves as subjects of a soverign like a king or queen
peopels loyalties were becoming to their own people/their nation
the unification of germany or italy were the results of nationalistic desires of people who wanted to live in a consolidated state of their won
nationalistic impulses led states into a bitter rivalry to claim larger and larger empires across the world bc thats “how u achieved great power status”
ideology #2: scientific racism
scientific racism: the idea that humans can be hierarchically ranked in distinct biological classes based on race.
the science part is the new thing about the racism
europeans divided the world into us and them
we were the christians and they were non-christians. they split up
scientific racism took this division into the secular realm and attemped to classicfy humanity according to race
clasification that they made up
scientific racists develped various practicies to justify the superiority of the white race above all others
phernology was the study of the shape and size of human skull
they decided that the skulls of white people were bigger than other races, they were more suprerior of the other race
the imperial projects of the europeans were all together justified
ideology #3: social darwinism
charles darwin argued that the species currently in existiance developend and evoldedfrom natural selction
he believed that species survive because they are better adapted to their environment
“only the fittest survive”
if only the fittest survive and thrive in nature, then appplied to human society, that must mean that western industrail societies have proven that their ways are the best suited for the current global enviornment
ideology #4: civilizing mission
civilizing mission: a sense of duty (industrial) societies possessed to bring the glories of their civilizations to “lower” societies.
since they understood themslves as having won the darwinistic ideology they thought they had a duty to help their “child races” underneath their imperial care
there was a strong impulse for sending christian missionaries
reorganization of colonial govenrments into western models
imposition of western-style education on many colonial populations
goal: supressed indeginous culture and language
historical developments
setting the stage
shifting geographical focus
1750-1900
europeans focused on
africa
asia
southeast asia
change in imperial states
1750-1900
spain and portugal are declining
great britain, france, dutch are continuties
germany, italy, belgium, united states, and japan are new
private to state control
state takeovers of private colonies
belgian congo in africa
private colony held by king leopold ii of belgium
new state who ebcame independent
but leopold made arrangements to gain control which was known as the congo free state for himself
he thought he was a humanitarian
he made it known that he intended to convert the indegenous people into christianity
wanted to bring them the glories of western education
was a lie and served as a cover for his brutal explotation of the congo
most notably rubber
belgian government took control and administerned themselves
movemnt from private control to state
diplomacy and warfare in africa
diplomacy: the act of making political agreements by means of dialouge and negotiation, not warfare.
an example is the berlin conference
european powers already beginning to cliam some parts of africa a fierce competition for african territory and it became known as the scramble for africa
state competition fueled imperialism
poeple agreed that if u hold the most territoy you have great power during tis period
europeans had technology and medicine to do this
escalated fast
otto von bismark claled the major european imperial powers to the berlin conference and they talked until almost the entire african continent was carved up into european colonial holdings
no african eladers participated in this
this led to drawing borders in africa that divided previously untied ethnic groups and brought together rival ethnic groups
this caused problems
some states used warfare
france in algeria
france was in debt to algeria because algeria supplied france with much of its wheat
algeria wanted to get paid so french sent a diplomat to negotiate some more time on the payments
algeria got so tense that the ruler hit the diplomat with a fly swat??!?!
the french replied by sending 35,000 troops to invade algeria and claimed the city and took more parts of north africa
the french prevaised and expanded their power into africa through warfare
settler colonies
settler colonies: a colony in which an imperial power claims an already inhabited territory and sends its own people to set up an outpost of their own society.
settler colonies were big in the previous period like the 13 birtish colonies in north america
the british went ahead and established settler colonies in the south pacific territories like australia and new zealand
once they had control massive waves of british settlers came in to populate the regions establishing a neo-european society and they introduced diseases that killed huge amounts of the indegiouns population
conquering neighboring territories
united states
because of the louisiana purchace and futher wars with mexico and spain in the 19th century the desire to expand westward into neighboring territories became so fervent that it became known as manifest destinty
manifest destiny: a calling to god to possess all the territory from the atlantic to the pacific ocean
practies forcible assimilation of Native American cultures, stripping them of their languages and traditions in an effort to integrate them into American society.
russia
pan-slavism: unite all slavic peoples under russian authority, including all who currently lived under ottoman and austrian rule
this ideology and the desire to achieve great power status on the world stage led to numerous campaigns to claim neighboring territory
for example they established a trading post all the way on the pacific coast
japan
they stood out because they were the one major non-western power joining the imperialism party
did this because of its rapid industrialization due to the meiji restoration
japan had laid thousands of miles of railroads and quickly modernized its military
japanese authorities decided to do what industrialized nations did and started to build an empire
as a result japan expanded its sphere of influence
causes of resistance
increasing questions about political authority
commitment to the civilizing mission
europeans and their scientific methods to put white people on top of the racial hierarchy —> led some of them to believe that they had a duty to improcve the “child races” that they were colonizing
many imperial powers introduced western style education to some folks under their imperial thumb
enlightnenment thought
those ideas caused the educated to question foriegn domination
growing sense of nationalism
when imperial powers imposed their will and their language and their culture on various colonized peoples, that had a way of inducing a sense of nationalism in the conquered peoples
this led many of them to resist colonization and fight for a state of their own
direct resistance
people fought back with weapons and violence
yaa asantewaa war in west africa
in the first half of the 19th century great britain was greedy to get its hands on more territory in west africa in order to expand their gold coast colony
they made no less than four attemps to conquer the asante kingdom in order acess the rihcc deposts of gold in their territory
the war of the golden stool
the assante possessed a golden stool which for them represented their cultural unity and whoever sat upon that stoll possessed the authority to rule their people
the british thought if they could find that stool and have someone sit on it then the asante would be ok with it
ya asante wa led her people in rebellion against the british with armed violence
she rallied the men to fight by shaming them and said if u guys dont fight the women will fight in ur place
creation of new states
cherokee nation at the edge of the united states
the us rebelled against the british imperial power and they won independence
they doubled their territory
as the us gained more territory they often clahsed with indegenous people
the weaponry of the us expelled various indegenous nations from their ancesteral lands
the cherokee responded to this by assimilatin to american culture
established a new state
religious rebellions
xhosa cattle killing movement in southern africa
imperial british trying to take over the territory of the xhosa people
they had better guns and better communications
this led to the british cliaming more and more of the xhosa territory until there wasnt enough land for the xhosa to survive
additionally the xhosa cattle were dying off because of coutner dieseases that may have come from europeans
and so in the middle of the century a religious movement stated gaining steam
it drove energy and it bound up in a prophecy. if the xhosa people slaughterd their cattle then new healthy cattle will rise up to replace them
afrter the slaughter the ancesteral debt of the xhosa would rise up and drive the european intruders from their land
the xhosa killed lots of their cattle
just led to their own starvation
british just took thier land cuz the xhosa are dumb
development of export economies
need for raw materials copper cotton rubber gold
imperial powers got more and more economies
Export Economies: Economies primarily focused on the export of raw materials or goods for distance markets
before these the people in africa or asia or the americas were subsistanece farmers
the farmers grew a vierty of foods that their families consued to survice
once the imperial powers showed up they reorganized colonial economies aorund the export of one or two cash crops
imperial powers fundamentally transformed colonial economies to serve their own interests, namely the extractction of natural resources of the production of industrial crops
causes of economic developments
imperial powers needed raw materials for industrial factories
economies on india on egypt britain for cotton
palm oil in west africa good for machines
used enslaved labor
colonial economies were dominating it for export
the need to supply food to growing urban centers
urbanization was a major effect of industrialization
more people to feed so they had to improt food form somehwere else
sugar and coffee and meat among the middle class
effects of economic development
profits from exports were used to purchase finished manufactured goods
british empire
colonial holdings doubled in 19th century
less concerned about adding territory than integrating into a netowkr oftrade
colonies provided a closed markey
inudstialized states neded other markets for outptu
whatever profits they gained they went to purshased finished manufactured goods
growing economic dependence of coloniak people on their imperial parents
the reorganization of colonial economy served only the interest of the colonizign overlords not the indegenous peoples
economic imperialism
Economic imperialism: The act of one state extending control over another state by economic means
the opium wars
influence of britain and france in china
chinawent from center to the edges
failure to industrialized —> left them vurnalrable to other powers
chinese restricted british tradeds to a single trading port and it caused briths trade imbalance
britihs silver was piling up in china but no chinese silver was making its way back to britain. chinese goods were in high demand by britain (tea,
britain innovated and created prodcuts that the chinese would love inorder to rectgy their imbalacnee
increased opium production in indian and illegally exported it to china
beause it was so addicted the chinese population was hooked into it and the chinese silver fianlly made its way into britain
chinese banned import of the drug and serized and destroyed opium shipments in the british trading port
the british were made so in retaliation the britihs showed up in force and began thef irst conflict of the opium wars
british taught china that industrialized military might wins every tmie
the britihs defeated and humilitated china
forced them to sign the treaty of nanjing
opeed up several trading ports to the british
gave them economic influence over the chinese
the qing dynasty weakened but a major reason was the taiping rebellion in the middle of the 19th century
relgious movement amount ethnic han that wanted to get ridof the manchu empire
second opium war
china could not qithstand industiral pwers
spehers of influence china was carved up
industralized powers didnt indusditralize china but they made china subsuverviate to their own intrests
migration:causes
demographc change
europe grrew really fast bc of medicnie
populatiosn living longer
increasing poverty so people migrated to find jobs
famine
agriculture primative in places they didnt industralzized
irish potato famine
millions of irish died
technologies
new mods of transpotation
railroad and steamship
mass of growth and cities (urbanization)
many migrants left homes in search of better opportunities, contributing to the rapid expansion of urban centers and shaping the demographic landscape of nations.
daily reality
economic causess
migration for work
voluntary migration
did it freely bc they suffering
lots of migrants in us fit that category
chinese immigrants foudn work in railwork
forced to
coereced and semi coerced labor
atlantic slave traede was still going
penal colonies
indentrued servidtue
industrialized states still needed cheap labor
effcts of migration
gender imbalance
majority of migrants were men. far more women than men in home societies
women took over men jobs
family structures in thoseplaces began to change
ethnic enclaves
ethnic enclave: a geographic area with a high concentration of people of the same ethnicity and culture within a foreign culture
provided a small outpost
provided sence of familiarity
cultural diffusian
nativism: a policy of protecting the interests of native born people over against the interests of immigrants
chinese exclusion act
anti chinese riots and chinese immigrants were banned from us
heimler live
big idea #1
Various ideologoies contributed to the growing development of imperialism in the period 1750-1900
unit 6 (heimler live)
various ideologies contributed to the growing development of imperialism in the period of 1750-1900
one of the most significant effects of industrial revolution is a new wave fo empire builidng manly by europeans
ideas that were driving this new wave include
cultural ideologies, belief of the superioty of the white race
white mans burden
social darwinism
biological darwinism: similar but applies to how the strong or weak …
imperial states employed different means of consolidating power in their empires are expanding their empire
the new waves of imperialism during this period led to new waves of resistance from colonized peoples
the growing need for imperial powers to extract raw materials and increase the food supply transformed the global economy
industrializaed states and businesses within those states practiced economic imperialism primarily in asia and latin america
various environmental and economic factors contributed to patterns of migration between 1750-1900
unit 7 (video)
The ottoman empire
By the end of the century many of their maritime and land-based empires would fall apart and give rise to new states
the decline of the ottoman empire
the young ottomans have been educated in western ideas and started calling for massive political change that would bring the ottoman empire into the democratic western powers
their authoritarian sultan actually agreed to some of those demands
allowed the creation of a parliament
they were threatened with war from russia
in response to the revival of authoritarianism another reform-minded group arose called the young turks
they called for a complete modernization of the ottoman empire in the vision of western europeans
nationalism —> ottomans envisioned as turks
the young turks went ahead and overthrew the sultan
ottoman reforms
secularization of schools and law codes
establishment of political elections
imposition of turkish language as the offical language of the empire
by implementing these nationalistic policies, they alienated many of the other minorities within the empire, not least the Arabs
as a result these groups experiences their own waves of nationalism which further fractured the empire
after the end of ww1 te sick man of europe would becom the dead man of europe
carved up into many states
the russian revolution
russia made some progress in industrialization by the end of the 19th century under the absolute tsar namely alexander the second and his sucessor nicoliss ii
the growing middle class that industrializtopm has created had begun to resent the tsar authoritarian policies and demanded more of a voice in government decisions
grievances of the working class who had suffered the burtal effects of state sponsored industrailziaton
grivances boiled over and we got the russian revolution
tsar smackdown with brutal force
nicholas accommodated some of their demands like constituion labor unions and political parties
world war one came alone
war and the continued difficulties of industrialization led to the russian revolution of 1917 which was led by marxist visonary vlenen who was the leader of a political group knowns as the bolsheviks
revolution was successful
soviet union was bron
collapse of qing china
tapiing rebllion
cost millions of lives and reshaped the political landscape in both regions, leading to significant changes in governance and social structures
put down by qing authorities
loss of opium wars
loss of sino japanese war
china was no match for industrializzed japan
society of righteous and harmonius fists led the boxer rebellion against qing
qing were broke
china emerged as a communist government under mao zedong
mexican revolution
mexico ruled by dictator (porforio dias)
he was outsted
emerged as a republic with a newly drafted constitution which enacted widesperead reforms that afddreased the grievances that had led to the revolutions in the first place
causes of ww1
MANIAC
militarism, aliances, nationalism, imperialism, assasination of archeduke franz ferdinand, conflict in the balkans
unit 7 (live)
internal and external factors contributed to significant change in various states across the world after 1900
ww1 was caused by combinmation of militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism
governments used a variety of strategies to fight world war one including propaganda to mobilize their home fronts and use new weapons technology in the battle field
following ww1, governments began to take a more prominent role in their nations’ economies
world war two was caused by the unsustainable peace agreement of ww1, economic crisis, and the rise of fascist regimes, most notable, nazi germany.
world war one was another total war, and totalitarian and democratic nations deployed all their nations’ resources to fight and win
the rise of extremist groups led to the attempted destruction of certain populations through genocide or extreme violence
unit 8
big ideas are numbers
the cold war was a decades long ideological struggle between the united states and the soviet union that shaped, to a significant degree, the geopolitics in the second half of the 20th century.
the cold war
two big themes: cold war and decolonization
begins right after ww2 ends
two superpowers emegre us and soviets
us vs soviets
cold war: where two wars are in a war together but they aren’t actually in a war. its like a competition. long stnading tention that could lead to violence
conflicting ideologies: the united states is characterized by democratic capitalism. soviet union by authoritarian communism
both of those ideologies wanted to get more converts across the world.
mutual mistrust between these superpowers: there was a handful of disagreements of the post war world (ww2) stalin claims most of eastern europe refused to allow democratic ellections althouhg it was agreeed led to lots of mistrust
mistrusts against germany, germany was on the losing side of world war two. it abt how germany should be treated in the post war era. soviets wanted to keep germany weak. western powers wanted a strong germany. rise of facist powers is bc of a weak germany
decolonization
led to the non-aligned movement
as the process of decolonization was bring new states into the world
west or europe wanted to influence new cstates about communism
new states that were decolonizing after years of being under the thumb of powers were like no we dont wanna get caught up in another state that is controlling us
some states resist of getting into that cold war calvary
this is the non aligned movement
began with indonesian presitsdent
countries with countries who were still sitll resisting colonial rule and who were in search of independnce
created themselves a little block who were neither soviet or neither us
together they were able to maintain that line in lots of cases
the major effects of the cold war included an arms race, new military alliances, and proxy wars across the globe
arms race: both the united states and the soviet union spend lots of money spending money into developing larger and powerful new weapons/nuclear weapons
led to a lot of tension.
development of new military alliances
NATO:
a defensive alliance started by he us and joined by several other states in western europe
soviet response made the WARSAW PACT
proxy wars:
latin america and asia
a proxy war is when one thing stands for another
they would look out for smaller conflicts that represented their ideologies so they could get in those and fight without actually fighitng each other
in asia: korea and vietnam wars
in both wars the new countries were split by communist and anti communist forces that struggled for dominance in their new area of their independce
us backs anti communists
soviet union backs communists
both wars ended up was stalemates and hundreds of people died
proxy was in latin america was in Nicaragua
a group of socialist revolutionaries knwon as the Sandinistas overhtown the nicaraguan dicator and got support from cuba and from the soviets
in responce the us invest healvily in another group in nicagruaga namedthe contras
the us and the soviet union were getting involded in the war and made it much worse because of hte involvement
this conflict ended with a cease fire and military demobilization
in africa: angolian sivil war
us: non communist soviets: communist
this became a much longer and deadlier war because of the two superpowers
this proxy wars got much worse because it was a proxy for hte us and the soviet union
during this period, some states adopted communist but non were more significant than china
revolution that established china as a republic
mao zedongs communist forces with aid from the soviet union were numerous enough to beat the nationalist party in china to become a communist states
mao communist policies:
collectivizaiton of agriculture (stalin did the same thing)
in china it was peaceful, blodless beause there was widesrpead support for communist party in china among the peasants
state control of the economy called the great leap forward
intedned to rapildy industrialize china through the heavy industry rural areas
china was in trouble i guessbecause they did not industrialize at the same pace as the western powers had
industrial goods in rural vs urban were on the poor quality
bad harvests
these polices that mao enacted led to starvation of 20-50 million chinese people
in africa (egypt)
british and the french built the suez canal with a lot of moeny
extremly strategic waterway for sea based trade into the indian ocean
egpytian leader proclaimed independence for egypt and nationalized the suez canal
british and french didnt like it and broguht isreali troops and invaded egypt in retaliantion
soviet union backed the scoialist
us told france to withdraw
in asia (vietnam)
after their colonial independece their communist government was quixckly established and began a program of land redistribution and classic communist move and a few wealthy land owners held all of vietnams agricultural land but under thisprogam their ownership was cancled and all of it was givein to the peasants
the process of decolonization occured in one of two ways: negotiated independnce or armed conflict
example of decolonization of negotiated independence:
india (1885)
indians formed the indian national congress which partitioned the british for a greater degree of self rule
the british ignore a lot of those
after ww1 mohandus ghandi leads a resistance movement that was nonviolent and was characterized by civil disobedienace but after ww2 the british are basically broke and a large enough pro independence and parliament that they offically recognized indians independence in 1987
example of negotiated independenc
this does not mean it is NOT a bloodless independece
example of armed conflict:
algeria
hotspot for french settlers
lotsof french people migrating to algeria to settlte there anad live there
the french citizens lviing there when algeria agetates for indepdne ce were like no we like to live there
in 1954 algerian muslims formed national liberazation front that rebleled violenlty against the french and secrused independece
french respodned twht brutaality where french president delcarsed the end of the war and counts it as a lost for the french government and
algeria is independent
the redrawing of political boundaries during decolonization led to conflict and population displacement
Israel
before ww1 palestine was part of the ottoman empire
ottomans were o the losing side of the war
palestine was transferred to britain under the mandate system and that caused significant problem
since the late 19th century a nationlistc ideology called zionism was growning among a lot of jews that were scattered across europe
to have a state of their own in palestine
during and after ww1, increasingly large waves of jews were migratning to palestine and the arab muslim population resistedthis population and after ww2 the united natoions declared that palenstined would be partitioned into 2 states
one for arabs and one for muslism
palestine is partiioned under authority of the united nations and jews were really happy about this and accepted this plan and declared independence but
palestineans took arms with isrealis and it was an on and off again war RIGHT NOW!!!
partitions NEVER GO WELL
in newly independent states, governments often took a strong role in guiding economic life in order to promote their own growth and development
nassar in egpyt
in 1956 nassar nationalizes the suez canal and western powers invade and he gains sovietsuport to end the conflict
governmentt aking a strong role ine conomic wealth
green revolution in india
julius in tanzinia
former coloniesbecoming indiependent and new leadership taking a strong role in the economy
movements to resis oppressive power structures multiplied in this period. somewhere characterized by non-violence, others by violence
nonviolence:
mohandas ghandi
homespun movement
pprotest of britains economic domenance of indias cotton industrry and he encouraged their followers to make their own clothes instead of britains
salt march
british imperial salt tax. ghandi and his followers walk hundred miles to indians west coast anad they statrt harvesting their own salt which was an illegall act and these demonstrations taken together played a significant role in indians independence later
martin luther king junior
from the united states
inspired by ghandi
took up the time to practice civil disobedience to protest americas racial segregation laws
did so and the montgomery bus boycott, sit ins,
these affected political change
congress passsing anti discrimination laws
trying to equalize white and black americans
nelson mandela (south africa)
system of apartheid
africans were denied basic rights
mandela was a prominent leader in the national congress and he under that organization led black south africans in acts of non biolent resistance that included strikes and boycotss and resistance
unlike ghandi and unlike martin luther king madela chagned his mind on the tactiscs on nonviolence and endured violent recistance
jailed for more than two decades for his leadership in his violent acts
upon his release he runs for president, wins the office, and that helps aouth african apartheid
when those powers engage with them and intensify the violence talking abt
agusto pinochet
led a military coup to overthrow the democratically elected president salvador alende who hpapned to be a marxist
with significant help from the united states pinochet overthrwos allende and sets himself up as a dictator, leading to years of repression, human rights violations, and economic transformation in Chile.
the cold war ended because of us military development, the soviet union’s failed invasion of afghanistan, and the reform policies of mikhail gorbachev
the cold war ended because of the advances in us techonolgy and technological developments
in 1980 the us elected ronald regan who led the us federal goenmernt ot massive spending on military and tehcnological delveopment
as a result the soviets tried to keep up with the spedning and they couldnt because of their lagging economy it put them at disatvantage
the second reason it ended was because of soviet union failed invasion of afghanistan
in 1979 soviet troops invanded afghanistan in order to prop up the communist regime against afghan muslim groups that it sought to overthrow
hwoever the afghan rebels were supported and supplied by the united states and saudi arabia and pakistand
the soviets lost this war and the loss of the war further depressed the soviet ecnomy, whch was in no position to be depressed at all
the cold war ended because of the policies of mikhail gorbechove
he comes to power in the spvowt union and he introduces a significant reofrms
perestroika: restrustcing of the soviet economy to adress all the economic woes by reducing the levle of central planning from the soviet government
glasnost: openness. freedom of speech was bolstered and given new life. critism about the government was even more tolerated and people took massive advantage of that
gorbechev announced that the soviet union would no longer use military intervention to prop up communist govenrments in eastern europe that still belonged to the soviet union and when they heard that the sviet block were like wut were going independent so in respond to destabling feastures th e soviets legislatue voted to dissolve the cold war
unit 9 1900-present
new technologies increased the speed of globilization and had widespread effects on the global population in the 20th and 21st centuries
new transportations and communication technologies are responsible for increasingly shrinking the world
communication:
raido, cellphone, internet
transportation
air travel
facilitates migration as they contact
shipping containers helped too
increased the rate of goods that can be shipping internationally futher interconnecting all states into a single global ecnomy
new energy:
petroleum, nuclear
had the effect of increasing worker productivity and increased the amount of goods that could be factored
medival advances:
birth control led to declining birth rate mostly western ecnomies, vaccines espeically in wealthhier nations,
agriculture
green revolution
trhough the process of contolled cross breeding scientists create new strands of wheat and grain that led to much more abundant harvests and that was espeically deployed as thrid world countries
formal colonial natiosnt aht were now independcent andd triyng ot get on their feet agian
new and old diseases continue to post a threat in the age of globilization
diseases associated with poverty: malaria, tuberchelosis, cholera
only peple who had access to vaccines for those diseases were pople in wealthy countries
in poverced countries these diseaes contirnued to spread among populations
diseases that led to pandemics: ibola, aids, spanish flu pandemic of 1918.
social and economic consequenes
we are all so connected so it sread
as they spread they had serious demographic consequences
spanish flu caused social disruption, economic slowdown, etc
they created the occeansion for tehcnologial and medical adances inable to cure them
new diseases coming from old age (western/developed wolrd): ahlzimers, dementia, heart disease, etc
acess to medications
better diets
this means they are living longer
as a result of living longer, new disease are starting to prop up
globilization has created some significant environmental problems with various attemped solutions
deforestation
too much people to feed
forests are being clered at an alarming rate to make room for more farm land
desertification
when fertile land becomes desert like because of deforestation and application of harmful chemicals to the land
when its deseriified it can no longer be productive for agriculture
decline in ari quality
great smog in londan in 1950
fog combined with industrial coal ambitions and it led to several days worth of toxic air/fog and it killed ten thousand people and it make lots of people very. sick
dealing with environmental consewunece as a result of the world that we lvie in
increasing consumption of fresh water
way more water is needed for farming in order to feed the global population
a lot of impoverished nations dont have access to clean dirnking water
incerasing global temperature/ climate change
as a result of industrialization, carbon emissions that are released into the atmosphere increase the global temperature overtime and that can cause an awful lot of apocitlitpic problems
kyoto protocal
paris agrement
nations who agreed to be members of tese agreements agree to limit their carbon emisions
both the nature and scope of the globilized economy have changed since 1900
proliferation off free market economies
united states we have economy under ronald regan
britah marget thatcher
both of them emphazsied free market economices thorugh the deregulation of business and tax cuts
rise of knowledge economies
wealthier countries did stuff in knowelge work
they odn tmkar things anymore
facilitated the making of things
egage in services rather tahn actually making things
hige for the economy
less delveoped coutrnies are becomng the manufactirng
thats how the world economy works
rise of multinational corporations
incorporated in one country but manufacted in another world
for example nestle, a Swiss company, sources materials from various countries for production, which highlights the complexities of global supply chains and labor distribution.
rise of regional and free trade agreements
reduced barriers totrade
for example tarfifs
NAFTA; betwen canada usand mexico
since 1990, increasing globilization had led to calls for reform in human rights and economic inequality
reforms for human rights on gender, caste,
after 1900, culture became increasingly globalized
despite all the benefits of globilization, there have also been significant resistancce movements against its effects
globilization has changed the way nations and states interact across the world