Biological Clock - bodies keep track of physical changes (i.e puberty, vision loss, etc.)

Social clock - societies way of keeping time (ex. Children should be in school, Young adults should be working and/or considering marriage, seniors should retire)

Psychological clock - mind keeping track of mental changes

Temperament - a person’s nature that permanently affects behavior

Phoneme - perpetually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another

Teratogen - agent (chemical) that causes malformation in the embryo

 Basic attachment styles - Secure, anxious, & avoidant

Aptitude - a person's potential for learning

Achievement - what has been learned

Mental Age - score representing abilities in relation to others of similar age

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) - score from intelligence assessment; mental age/chronological age x 100

Gifted - a person with a IQ score of 140 

Stanford-Binet Test - test that measures knowledge, visual processing, and working memory

Wechsler Tests - series of tests that target 4 domains of intellectual performance: verbal abilities, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed

Validity - degree to which an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure

Reliability - the test’s ability to provide consistent results

Standardization - average scores for specified groups

Standard Procedures - ensures that no person is given an unfair advantage or disadvantage

Fairness - the test’s ability to appeal to everyone (is the test universal?)

Culture-fair intelligence test - tests designed to measure intelligence regardless of cultural background

Normal Curve/Normal Distribution - Frequency of values portrayed on a bell shaped curve with the average being the peak or highest point

Heritability - the degree to which genes are responsible for a characteristic in a population

Creativity - the ability to generate new ideas

Divergent Thinking - the ability to generate multiple ideas; component of creativity

Convergent Thinking - the ability to generate (or find) the best solution to a problem

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory - Humans have varying degrees of analytical, creative, and practical competencies

Characteristics of Creativity - originality, fluency, flexibility, knowledge, personality, intrinsic motivation, thinking and knowledge

Trimester - stage of prenatal development (typically 3 months)

First Stage of Development - Construction of neural and glial cells

Secure Attachment Style - an attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked

Anxious Attachment style - an attachment style that describes adults who demand closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive

Avoidant Attachment style - an attachment style that describes adults who are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner

Parenting style - how parents and other caregivers care for and discipline children

Authoritative Parenting - parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making (Frank from Gifted)

Authoritarian Parenting - style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

Permissive Parenting - style of parenting in which parent makes few, if any demands on a child's behavior

Uninvolved/Neglectful Parenting - parents who are undemanding and emotionally unsupportive of their child

Kubler-Ross stages of grief - 1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance

Jean Piaget (Pee-AH-jay) - Swiss Psychiatrist, known for his theory of cognitive development in children

Erikson's Stages of development (1-4) - 1. Trust vs. mistrust (Birth to 12-18 months) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (12-18 months to 3 years) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 years to 5-6 years) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (5-6 years to adolescence)

Erikson's Stages of development (5-8) - 5. Identity vs. role diffusion (Adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood) 8. Ego-Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)

Erik Erikson - German Psychoanalyst, known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development

Harry Harlow - American psychologist best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of caregiving and companionship to social and cognitive development.

Example of teratogens - alcohol, drugs, infections, radiation, caffeine, and tobacco

Larry Kohlberg - American Psychologist, created the stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional)

Critical Period - an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Average age babies start speaking - 2 years old

G theory - only ONE "factor" of intelligence

Multiple Intelligence theory - Gardner's theory of intellect, based on the view that people possess at least eight types of intelligence (e.g: Linguistic, Spatial, Musical, Interpersonal, Natural, Kinesthetic, Logic, Intrapersonal)

Cognitive Flexibility - the ability to switch focus as needed to complete a task

Circadian clock - "Clock" that keeps track of activity and rest

Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) - the part of the frontal lobe that is just behind the forehead and is responsible for executive processing, complex thoughts, complex behaviors, working memory, decision making, and social behaviors

Teenage PFC - Underdeveloped executive control center that "struggles" to plan for the future. Associated with higher levels of risk taking

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - cell clusters in the hypothalamus that control circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

Exploration stage - the stage of adolescence that involves more in-depth interactions

Dual Systems model - A model of the brain consisting of two systems, one emotional and the other rational, that develop on different timeframes, accounting for typical adolescent behavior.