Latin Exam Review

Nouns

• Definitions
  • Agricola, agricolae, f. - Farmer
  • Hortus, horti, m. - Garden
  • Culina, culinae, f. - Kitchen
  • Triclinium, triclinii, n. - Dining room
  • Tablinum, tablini, n. - Office
  • Atrium, atrii, n. - Living room
  • Mercator, mercatoris, m. - Merchant
  • Medicus, medici, m. - Doctor
  • Mendax, mendacis, m. - Liar
  • Magister, magistri, m. - Teacher
  • Via, viae, f. - Road, street
  • Pons, pontis, m. - Bridge
  • Ego, mihi, me - I, to me, me
  • Tu, tibi, te - You, to you
  • Nos, nobis - We, to/for us
  • Vos, vobis - You all

Adjectives

• Definitions
  • Laetus, -a, -um - Happy
  • Iratus, -a, -um - Angry
  • Magnus, -a, -um - Great, big, large
  • Notus, -a, -um - Famous, well-known
  • Multus, -a, -um - Much, many
  • Turbulentus, -a, -um - Rowdy
  • Fortis, fortis, forte - Brave, strong
  • Perterritus, -a, -um - Terrified
  • Ferox, gen. ferocis - Fierce, ferocious
  • Bonus, -a, -um - Good
  • Melior - Better
  • Optimus, -a, -um - Very good, best

Verbs

• Definitions
  • Do, dare, dedi, datus - To give
  • Procedo, procedere, processi - To proceed, advance In (+abl/acc.)
  • Ago, agere, egi, actus - To do
  • Negotium agit - To do business
  • Laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus - To praise
  • Faveo, favere, favi - To support
  • Credo, credere, credidi, creditus - To trust, believe
  • Sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus - To feel, sense
  • Accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus - To accept, receive
  • Sum, esse, fui, futurus - To be (is, was, etc.)
  • Absum, abesse, afui, afuturus - To be away
  • Ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, -atus - To walk
  • Curro, currere, cucurri - To run
  • Dico, dicere, dixi, dictus - To talk, say

Other

• Definitions
  • Ad (+acc.) - To, towards
  • Cum (+abl.) - With
  • In, on/into
  • Ex (+abl.) - From, out of
  • Prope (+acc.) - Near
  • Quam (+adject.) - Than
  • Vehementer - Loudly/violently
  • Et - And
  • Sed - But
  • Tamen - However

Nominative Nouns = Subjects

• Translates to (the noun definition), translated before the verb and is doing the action.
• Singular
  • 1st: -a (puella)
  • 2nd: -us/-r (servus/puer)
  • 3rd: ?? (mendax)
• Plural
  • 1st: -ae (puellae)
  • 2nd: -I (servi/pueri)
  • 3rd: -es (mendacis)

Nominative Nouns Follow-up Questions:

1. Mercatores = merchants
2. Feminae = the women
3. Caecilius in horto sedet. = Caecilius is sitting in the garden.
4. Mendax, Grumio, non laborat. = The liar, Grumio, is not working.
5. Suntne horti in villis? = Are the gardens in the houses?

Accusative Nouns = Direct Objects

• Translates to (the noun definition), should be translated after a verb (being done to it) or a preposition.
• Singular
  • 1st: -am (puellam)
  • 2nd: -um (servum/puerum)
  • 3rd: -em (mendacem)
• Plural
  • 1st: -as (puellas)
  • 2nd: -os (servos/pueros)
  • 3rd: -es (mendaces)

Accusative Nouns Follow-up Questions:

1. Cibum = food (someone eating/looking at maybe)
2. Amicas = friends (someone loving them maybe?)
3. Quintus statuam verberavit. = Quintus struck the statue.
4. Versipellis gladiatores petebat. = The werewolf was attacking the gladiators.
5. Familiae prope theatrum conveniunt. = The families gather near the theater.

Dative Nouns = Indirect Objects

• Translates to (to/for the noun), is receiving an accusative from the nominative.
• Singular
  • 1st: -ae (puellae)
  • 2nd: -o (servo/puero)
  • 3rd: -i (mendaci)
• Plural
  • 1st: -is (puellis)
  • 2nd: -is (servis/pueris)
  • 3rd: ibus (mendacibus)

Dative Nouns Follow-up Questions:

1. Gladiatoribus = to/for the gladiators
2. Quinto = for Quintus, to Quintus
3. Servi hospitibus vinum offerebant. = The slaves were offering wine to the guests.
4. Alexander fratri unam statuam dedit. = Alexander gave one statue to his brother.
5. Pater puellae stolam quaerebat. = The father was searching for a stola (dress) for the girl.

Adjectives

• Use the same endings as nouns because they describe nouns.

• Adjectives come in 3 degrees that affect how they are translated:

  • Degree, Endings, Translation
    • Positive: noun endings (laetus) - Definition of adjective (happy)
    • Comparative: -ior+3rd noun endings (laetior/laetiores) - More (more happy)
    • Superlative: -issim/rim+ 1st/2nd noun endings (laetissimus, -a, -um) - Most, very; est (very happy; happiest)

• Some adjectives do not follow the regular pattern of endings in the comparative and superlative degree.

  • Magnus becomes maior in the comparative degree and maximus in the superlative degree.
  • Bonus becomes melior in the comparative degree and optimus in the superlative degree.

Adjective Follow-up Questions

1. Notissimus = very famous
2. Irati domini = the angry masters
3. Ego sum fortior quam leo. = I am braver than a lion.
4. Grumio semper cenam optimam parat. = Grumio always prepares the best dinner.
5. Multi gladiatores in amphitheatro pugnaverunt. = Many gladiators fought in the amphitheater.
6. Nos sumus fortissimae puellae. = We are the bravest/strongest girls.

Verb Tenses

Present Tense

• Endings, Example, Translation
  • -o : Porto : I carry
  • -s : portas : You carry
  • -t : Portat : He/she carries
  • -mus : portamus : We carry
  • -tis : Portatis : You (all) carry
  • -nt : portant : They carry

Imperfect Tense

• Endings, Example, Translation
  • -bam : Portabam : I was carrying
  • -bas : Portabas : You were carrying
  • -bat : Portabat : He/she was carrying
  • -bamus : Portabamus : We were carrying
  • -batis : Portabatis : You (all) were carrying
  • -bant : Portabant : They were carrying

Perfect Tense

• Endings, Example, Translation
  • -i : Portavi : I carried
  • -isti : Portavisti : You carried
  • -it : Portavit : He/she carried
  • -imus : Portavimus : We carried
  • -istis : Portavistis : You (all) carried
  • -erunt : portaverunt : They carried

Present Tense Verbs Follow-up Questions:

1. Pueri per vias procedunt. = The boys advance through the streets.
2. Nubem mirabilem video! = I see a strange cloud.
3. Marcus Holconio favet. = Marcus supports Holconius.

Imperfect Tense Verbs Follow-up Questions:

1. Amicus meus ad villam meam ambulabat. = My friend was walking to my house.
2. nos in atrio dicebamus. = We were speaking in the atrium.
3. Metella et Quintus e villa aberant. = Metella and Quintus were away from the house.

Perfect Tense Verbs Follow-up Questions:

1. Melissa mercatori pecuniam dedit. = Melissa gave money to the merchant.
2. Ubi tu tremores sensisti? = When did you feel the tremors.
3. Mercatores cum pistoribus et agricolis ex urbe cucurrerunt. = The merchants ran with the bakers and farmers out of the city.

Major Roman Deities and their duties/symbols

Roman Numerals

• I=1 , V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000

1. VI=6
2. LXX=70
3. MMDCCC = 2800
4. DCIV=604
5. MCMLXXXIX = 1989