Geography and WWII - Year 10 Exam Study
HASS SKILLS
7 key geography concepts
Scale: The different levels at which geographical studies can take place from local areas to global patterns around the world.
Place: A specific area on Earth that has physical and human characteristics, making it unique and meaningful for people.
Interconnections: The ways in which people, places and environments are linked and how these connections influence changes and events. It is a two-way street, where both parties benefit.
Change: Process of how places develop and transform over time due to natural and/or human influences.
Environment: The abiotic, biotic, cultural and physical elements that make up our surroundings, including land, water, air, animals, plants and human influence.
Sustainability: Meeting the needs of current and future generations by considering economic, social and environmental aspects.
Space: The way things are arranged in a place, how they interact and why they are located where they are.
(SPICESS).
Environmental worldviews: Earth centered, man centered, and our Christian worldview.
Earth centered is the belief that the earth/nature is more important than humans
Man centered is the belief that man should focus on providing for itself through technological processes. They don’t rely on the environment.
Our Christian worldview is that man should use resources responsibly and should care for creation.
Sustainability: Meeting the needs of current and future generations by considering economic, social and environmental aspects.
Environment: all features that surround and influence our lives.
Non-living and living elements
Includes human changes to the Earth’s surface (e.g. croplands, planted forests, buildings and roads).
Spheres: hydro, atmo, litho and biospheres.
Biophysical Environment: Physical, chemical and biological factors. The interactions between abiotic, biotic and physical environments. Elements are all dependent on each other. They rely on each other for survival.
Functions of the Coast: not including coastal processes.
Environmental: protects inland natural and cultural environments and the moderation of climate.
Economical: Trade, tourism, transport, fishing, mining etc.
Social: Living and leisure activities.
The coast is a:
Buffer zone which absorbs the energy of the sea/waves.
Breeding ground – a nutrient rich environment for plant and animal species.
Cultural importance, especially for Aboriginals, but also the stereotype of Australian culture.
4 ‘S’ Functions of the Coast:
Source: earth's natural resources that have originated directly from the biophysical environment.
Sink: earth’s ability to absorb waste and pollution produced by humans.
Service: provision of environmental services that support life (atmosphere, climate regulation).
Spirituality: recreation, physiological, aesthetic and spiritual functions.
PQE: way to describe trends/patterns, and to analyse them.
Pattern
Quantify: reference source – percentages are good when there are no numbers available.
Exceptions: to the pattern.
SHEEPT:
Social – factors relating to culture and people
Historical – factors relating to past events
Environmental – factors relating to natural environment (including climate, landforms and vegetation)
Economic – factors related to the earning and spending of money
Political – factors relating to the government
Technological – factors relating to the availability and use of different types of technology
Field Sketching: will need to label coastal processes (eg constructive/destructive waves) on sketch (and annotate I suppose – which means we need to know coastal processes)
Transect:
A transect is a cross-sectional view between two points, a simplified version of what exists on the ground.
Sketch a cross-section by observing and recording the height of the land between two selected points.
Measure and record the distance between points and include this information in the sketch.
Record approx. height above sea level on vertical scale.
Gather information.
Simplify what is observed (eg look for the main vegetation)
Give your diagram a scale and a title.
While making observations, take photos and make sketches.
TREATY OF VERSAILLES AND CAUSES OF WWII:
Treaty of Versailles: signed 28 June 1919 at the Palace of Versailles.
It marked the official end of WWI.
The treaty took 6 months of negotiation.
Germany was forced to sign and not allowed to participate in negotiations. Came into effect 10th Jan 1920.
The treaty was worked out among the ‘Big Three’. President George Clemenceau of France, Prime minister David L George of Britian and President Woodrow Wilson of USA.
They each had their own ideas of what they wanted the peace treaty to say. France suffered greatly from WWI, Clemenceau wanted revenge, compensation, to weaken Germany and he wanted land back (Alsace-Lorraine and the Rhineland).
Britian didn’t suffer as much. George wanted Germany to recover and not be treated too harshly. He wanted them to keep some of their land (believed France shouldn’t take the Rhineland).
The USA wanted a lasting peace, and a treaty that didn’t punish them too harshly. Wison wanted the League of Nations, to let Europe figure it out on its own. He didn’t want Italy to have the Adriatic coast.
The Terms of the Treaty:
Territory (France = Alsace-Lorraine and Saar coalfields. Germany = kept Rhineland demilitarized).
Reparations ($32 billion).
Army (100000 men, no submarines, tanks, heavy guns or aeroplanes, 6 battleships, no conscription).
War Guilt (Germany accepts full blame).
League of Nations (set up to keep the peace, but Germany can’t join).
Germany was banned with union with Austria. Satisfied the Big Three. Germany too weak to start their own war, but strong enough to help others.
Germany hated the treaty. They thought the financial penalties were immoral and unjust.
German citizens felt they were being punished for mistakes of Kaiser and the German government.
The Leage of Nations:
Idealistic view of Woodrow Wilson (USA) that the world could live in peace.
Meant to maintain peace.
It had no real authority or way of making people obey.
America didn’t join it.
Causes of World War II:
Treaty of Versailles
Punished Germany heavily, creating long-term resentment
Appeasement
Policy of avoiding war by conceding to demands
Failure of League of Nations
The organisation lacked the power to prevent aggression
Rise of Hitler
Hitler’s drive was to expand Germany and undo the treaty of Versailles
Economic Depression
Severe global depression in the 1930’s.
Economies were unstable. People turned to leaders who promised success through military buildup and the conquest of territory.
Militarism
Nation strengthened military and stockpiled weapons.
Nationalism
Belief in superiority in one’s own nation over all other nations.
Can lead to major conflict between nations.
Rise of Fascism in Italy
A form of totalitarian government which glorifies the state, has one leader and one party, all aspects of society are controlled by the government, no opposition or protests are tolerated, propaganda and censorship are widely practiced.
Japanese Expansion
In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria for raw materials.
Anti-communism