Napoleon Buonaparte

He is NOT french * he was born on a island called corsica * corsica was purchased from France
he was sent to a boarding school to become a military officer * a need for officers to train the army * napole is short and spoke french with an italian/corsican accent

Growing up

he grows up upper middle class
pretty nice

First command

he is promoted as a leitenaut
seige of Toulon-promoted to Brigadier General
brilliant tactition
within a year his skill is so good he gets recognized to the point that he goes from leuitenat to brigadier general
Since he is an outsider he lacks a connection with those inside people in Paris, so he married, to a girl named Josephine - part of beorgoisie
josephine could not produce a child for napolean

\ He has full command to an army and has a full compaign in Italy

the revolution is spreading, but spreading at the head of an army,military armies for support.

Egyptian Campaign

successful
while this is going one the government back home stinks
not blood thirsty like robepierre, but the people wanted change
people are going to ask Napolean to leave * make it back to paris to overthrow the government

18th of Brumaire-Coup d’etat

an overthrow of the government
people rioted

### Why is Napolean best person for the era of change

Napolean has a large support from the people which is why he was able to achieve all these things * Napolean also has been everywhere but France, paris * Important because he wasn’t part of the government, and isnt seen as part of this corrupt government. * Hes not tainted, dirtied by this corrupt government * the outsider becomes the person of change

An outsider is necessary to out throw the government because everyone inside is keeping up with the BS

Napolean -- Domestic

areas of concern to address after taking over France

the economic system - taxes, budgets
the structure of government - laws, rights
the church, we need to restore the church * people dont have their church and it has been a decade without it, part of their system and they havent cleansed it out

\ \

Tax System

Bank Of France -- central bank handles all of the taxes
Money is Accounted for surpluses can be lent out to spur business growth
Lycees created to train clerks, secretaries, and accountants (NOT COLLEGES) * Beaureaucrat * he needs people like this, civil servants, people do these specifi tasks * so in regard he created train schools * also known as Lycees - to train people these specifc jobs so that
Scholarships were granted to the poor * threw scholarship money so that theoretically the lower class can raise to middle class, or higher middle class

Concordat of 1801

make peace with the Pope, acknowledge that Catholicism as the majority religions but was tolerant of Protestants * Pope PIUS VII
Restored Sunday, the Sabbath, as a religious day
The church could not reclaim its lands lost since 1790, but the Church would be paid by the French government
Church still had to be loyal to the state

The Structure of Government

Law - Napoleonic Code * standardizes French law from regional customs * written form makes it easier to administer throughout France * not everyone is happy with the progress - Ex. WOMEN
Women did not Benefit * mediterranean culture is extremely male dominant

Plebiscite Vote and Coronation

napolean wanted to test the people and see their true feelings about him
Question was - Do you want France to turn into a empire and me as your emperor? * the pope was there * the pope crowned charles charlamaine - no such thing as a roman emporer but became a big deal and a was a honorifif title * napolean took the crown off the pope and put it on himself, expressing the feeling the “he did this” * $HE DID IT HIMSELF$ * Napolean did it himself and is seen as a emperor, such as Julius Ceaser etc. * ==THIS IS THE 6TH FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN FRANCE==

→ he now is the emperor but does not stay in one place, he wants to conquer, Rome etc.

Napoleans Foreign Policy

Lousiana SALE * napolean leans on the king for spain * he says “ur gonna give this back to me (the territory) of I am going to shred spain in pieces” * spain is small at the time so they are scared * jeffereson is very pro french; hated the idea of debt * napolean is going to raise money, but jeffferson bought it
napolean got the territory from spain and then sold it with urgency, to gain money - louisiana sale

Battle of Trafalgar

britain is the number one enemy
england has the strongest army in the world
nelson is a experienced commander * lost his right arm * is a bit of dive, while on deck during war he is wearing all his ribbons * a primary target, - “please shoot me” * a french sniper takes him out * how are you going to invade england without a army

\ Text book notes

Napolean became the first consul, the directory was overthrown by the consulates and a coup d’etat forced the member to turn the government onto Napolean.

Napolean submitted a plebiscite, a question put before all its voters, in 1804

the question was: Did they want to declare France an empire? * french voters supported him and thus Napolean became Emperor Napolean I

The pope came to place the crown on Napoleans head but as the pope was dong this napolean took the crown out of the popes hand and placed it by himself, on his own head. This showed the world that Napolean gives himself his own authority, no one else does.

Napoleon wanted to expand the empire and rule the Americas but it failed miserably when he went to Saint Domingue (now Haiti) as an expedition during their civil war, and so Napolean gave up on expanding to the Americas. He sold the Louisiana territory to the US, and focused on Europe.

His biggest rival enemy was Great Britain, Napolean realized that until he defeats Great Britain, there will be no peace in Europe.

Great Britain

Admiral Nelson and the British Navy, the commander and fleet that had earlier defeated Napolean in Egypt, stood in Napolean's way.
The British Navy proved their worth when they beat the French and Spanish Navy off the coast of Spain in the ==Battle of Trafalgar==.
However, on Land Napolean was more successful and after his defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar, he won a victory over the Russian and Austrian troops at the ==Battle of Austerlitz==, near Vienna Australia.
Britain helped organize a ==series of coalitions== of European Nations against France, and ==British funds helped strengthen resistance== to Napolean all across Europe.

The Continental System

Napolean called Great Britain a “nation of shopkeepers.”
He saw that GB was vulnerable
Britains economy was based on overseas trade, and Naoplean thought that if he disrupted this trade it would weaken Britain’s ability to fund rebellion in Europe against him.
So Napolean planned a blockade also known as the Continental System to block french and allied ships from trading with Great Britain.
In response, the British required all their ships from neutral countries to stop in British ports and get permission to trade with France * this was their way of trying to lesson trade between France and other neutral countries
while these trade restrictions happened, Britain and France were drawn into other conflicts. One conflict was the Peninsula war which drew Portugal and Spain into Britain and France's problems.

The Peninsular War 1812

the Portuguese were neutral until they refused to comply with the continental system as they needed to trade with Great Britain.
to enforce Napolean's power, he sent French troops to PORTUGAL to take over the country, seize all its power, and drive out the king. Napoleon sent Joseph, his brother, to rule Portugal placing him on the Spanish Throne, but the Spanish resented having a foreign ruler and in 1808 they revolted against Joseph. Because GB also did not like France they joined the revolt by supporting Portugal and sending military forces to Spain.
Napolean, who is facing serious threats, responds by sending troops from Central Europe and won several victories against the GB and Spanish troops.

The Guerrilla War

bands of peasants ambushed French troops and raided French camps. To punish the Spanish guerrilla fighters, the french slaughtered many innocent Spanish civilians, the war kept the French army pinned though, and eventually, Napolean had to pull his troops out of Spain.
However, in spite of this setback, Napolean took control of most of Europe through treaties, alliances, and victories in Battle. The only nations free of his control were GB, Sweden, Portugal, and the Ottoman Empire. * In many of the European Nations, he conquered, his siblings/relatives were put in power by him. * He gave his brother the thrones of Holland, The Italian states of Naples and Sicily, and the German State of Westphalia * His sisters and stepson even received powerful positions.

Napoleans Policies

As he ruled, Napolean also strengthened Frances's central government and developed a plan to establish order and efficiency throughout France, which involved reforms in many areas of French Society. * REFORM OF CHURCH-STATE RELATIONS * Napolean soothed the antireligious feelings of the French Revolution, by calling for an agreement with the Pope. Called the Concordat, the agreement acknowledged that most French citizens were Roman Catholics. This agreement did not require everyone to be catholic because religious toleration was still the law but it gave those who were catholic the validation. * ECONOMIC REFORMS * Napoleon established the Bank of France to regulate the economy and set up a more efficient tax collection system. This ensured that the government system would not face the kinds of financial crises it had before the revolution. * LEGAL AND EDUCATIONAL REFORMS * Under Napolans’s leadership, scholars organized and revised french law and created the Napoleonic code. This code made laws uniform across the nation and eliminated many injustices. However, it also promoted order and authority over individual rights. Freedom of the press, for example, was restricted by censors who banned books and newspapers for certain political content. In addition. the code only applies to male citizens. The code denied the rights of women and allowed the husbands to have authority over their wives. * Napolean also established a network of schools, universities, and technical schools, to educate young men in preparation for those jobs, creating strong leaders for government and military positions.

Napolean created a legacy and increased Nationalism between France and its people.

Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s reaction

Napoleon is invading Russia, even though there have been signs to not do it.

The Russian Campaign

Napoleon stationed troops on the western border of Russia
Czar Alexander I, the Russian ruler, became very nervous. the czar who was also concerned about the effects of the Continental System on his country’s needs to import goods and began to gather his troops. To enforce his power, Napoleon decided to turn his troops east and move into Russia.
June, Napoleon and an army of some 600,000 men marched across the Russian border. However, there were a few problems with this invasion including: * many of the soldiers were new recruits from conquered territories and had no loyalty to Napoleon * many of the army supplies were lost or spoiled on the rough terrain * here was July heat which made men and their horses miserable * All this resulted in many men who suffered from disease, desertion, and hunger, thinning the army’s ranks.
The Russian troops withdrew as he advanced, and Russian peasants moved east after setting fire to their fields in order to leave nothing behind that the French troops could use.
The French Army was still moving forward toward Moscow, and Napoleon’s troops finally clashed with the Russians, and the French won the battle. The Russian army, still 90,000 men strong retreated. The remaining French army pushed onto Moscow, but Moscow was deserted and in flames. Napoleon left Moscow.
The Russians forced the French army to return the way it had come - across the same scorched fields Napoleon had crossed in the summer, and Russian peasants were attacking isolated French soldiers.
==After the french army had casualties with the Russians, they won, but many were injured. Napoleon decided to continue on towards Moscow but when they got there the whole place was burnt and in flames. No one knows if it was the Russians or French looters that lit the fires and Napoleon could not support his troops through the winter so he was given no choice and left Moscow.==

Harsh Winter

the harsh winter after coming back from the Russian empire, did what nobody could do: decimate the French army.
The French army came back to french territory without a leader because Napoleon rushed back to Paris by sleigh, leaving his troops to face much of the awful trip without him.
Around 94,000 out of 600,000 made it out alive from this trip

Defeat and Exile to Elba

so after this disaster of Napoleon’s army in Russia, his enemies gained hope that he could be defeated. Enemies such as Russia, Prussia, Austria, and GB all allied themselves against France. While this is happening, Napoleon is raising another army, but his troops are inexperienced. In October 1813, the allies meet Napoleon’s army and a clear defeat is seen for Napoleon. The next year 1814, the allies march into Paris in triumph.
One of the terms of surrender for Napoleon is that he has to give up his throne. Napoleon still has the title of emperor but his new empire is tiny, a small Mediterranean island called ==ELBA==, off the coast of Italy. After this, he went into exile with a small pension and about 400 gaurds.

\ Napoleon refuses to go down slowly and he keeps an eye out to take back France

on the other hand, the French Monarchy is restored by the allies, and king Louis XVIII, brother of executed king Louis XVI, is now the rightful king of France. The allies restored France’s border to what it was before, but people did not like the king and many feared the old order regime would come back.

The Hundred Days

After a year in Elba, Napoleon managed to hire a ship that took him and many supporters back to France. He landed on the North Coast and headed for Paris. Many people began to react to the rumors that were spreading. When the king heard Napoleon was back, he ran out of fear and panic. Some did not like that Napoleon was back, due to the many years of bitter warfare he had put his people through, while others were joyous to see their emperor who had accomplished many reforms and glory for France back. Additionally, the troops who were sent to arrest Napoleon who was declared an outlaw actually pledged their loyalty instead. Napoleon arrived to cheering crowds and this was the start of ==the Hundred Days==, where he renewed glory and warned problems for his enemies.

The Battle of Waterloo

^^one of the final battles between Napoleon and his enemies. His final confrontation pitted Napoleon’s troops against British troops led by the duke of Wellington. Belgian, German, and Dutch troops joined increasing the ranks of Wellington. The armies met near Waterloo, a Belgian village. There was rain which delayed the battle till later but once it started there were numerous casualties on both sides. The British army stood its ground, and Prussia, one of its allies, came to support it. Napoleon’s army was no match for the two armies combined and Napoleon was defeated, this was his last battle. Additionally, this meant the end of Napoleonic wars forever.^^

Napoleon’s final days

He fled to a port and tried to escape to America but was soon captured. His captors sent him father than Elba, exiled to Saint Helena, a bleack volcanic island in the South Atlantic. He never escaped this island and died 6 years later on the island, no explanation has been found definitively.

Congress of Vienna

Before Napoleon escaped from Elba, hundreds of diplomats gathered in the city of Vienna for a grand meeting called the Congress of Vienna, to discuss the future of Europe and create a plan to restore order and stability to Europe after the turmoil of the Napoleonic wars. * THE NEGOTIATORS * 700 diplomats attended but few played a crucial role in the negotiations. * Lord Castlereigh - GB * Czar Alexander I - Russia * King Frederick William III - Prussia * Prince Klemens von Metternich - Austria * Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - France (attended on behalf of King Louis XVIII who had retaken the French throne) * METTERNICH - dominated the congress of Vienna, making sure to restore a balance of power, make Europe peaceful again, restore old monarchies, and compensate their Allies for losses. * the other decision makers wanted to make sure that France could never again rise to such power, and worried members wanted to put down revolution wherever it may appear. * they wanted to remove all traces of the French revolution and Napoleon’s rule, and to do so they changed boundaries across Europe.
the congress of Vienna changed the borders of all nearby nations to make these nations stronger, lessening the chance that France can ever invade its neighbors again.
countries that had aided France lost territory and those who fought against France gained territory
In the end, France lost all its conquered territories and its boundaries were pulled back to where they were in 1972. France also had to pay a large indemnity: a payment to other countries to compensate for their damages.

Restoring Monarchies

the congress of Vienna restored some of the monarchies that Napoleon had eliminated.

Metternich

was a reactionary * → people who have ideals that not only oppose progress but also want conditions to return to those of an earlier time. * he wanted Europe to return to what it was in 1789 * he wanted to get rid of constitutions, voting rights, freedom of religion, and the press. * He brought these influences to Austria, the German states, and Northern Italy, and all such liberal ideas were suppressed. * secret police spied on people who disagreed with Netternichs ideas and his opponents were often imprisoned or fined * newspapers weren’t allowed to publish opposing views * his views helped silence the liberal ideals of the revolution for about 30 yrs

The revolution's legacy

enlightenment ideals crossed the Atlantic and inspired people in Latin America to throw off colonial rule
eventually, the same ideals would inspire political movements in Asia and Africa