Chapter 33 - The Great Depression and the New Deal
Eleanor Roosevelt, FDR’s wife was very active in FDR’s political career with her being loved by liberals and hated by conservatives
FDR was a good public speaker
Democrats called for a balanced budget and social and economic reforms
Few pictures of him in a wheelchair because it was media being respectful and he used leg braces in the beginning
Media was being respectful But also kind of bigoted
won in a landslid
FDR attacked Republican Old Deal in his election
Roosevelt supported a New Deal for the “forgotten man”
A lot of Americans didn’t trust the Republican Party due to the dire economic state of the country caused by the Great Depression
Hoover believed that the worst of the Depression was over and therefore reaffirmed his faith in American free enterprise and individualism
FDR won the election of 1932 with a majority in the popular vote and the Electoral College
Blacks started to begin a vital part of the Democratic Party starting with the election of 1932, especially in the urban centers located in the North
FDR declared March 6 through 10 as a national banking holiday as a prelude to the opening of banks
Hundred Days Congress passed a series of laws to help improve the state of the country
Congress also passed a few of FDR’s New Deal programs which were focused on relief, recovery, and reform: short range goals were for relief and immediate recovery and long range goals were permanent recovery and reform
Some of the New Deal programs gave the President unprecedented powers such as the ability to create legislation
The programs that gave the president this authority were deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
Congress gave Roosevelt the blank-check powers
New Deal legislation embraced progressive ideas such as unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, minimum-wage regulations, conservation and development of natural resources, and restrictions on child labor
The 3 R’s of the new deal - Relief, Recovery, and long term reforms
Relief- jobs and food
Recovery- plans for the economy NRA and housing
Reforms - in order to prevent another depression( tariffs, Social Security, FDIC Insure banks)
short-range goal- Relief, Recovery
long-range goal- Reforms
declares an 8 day banking holiday (not something he was supposed to do)
Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 which gave the President the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange in order to reopen solvent banks
FDR gave “fireside chats” over the radio with him using these to soothe the Americans’ confidence in banks
Congress created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation with the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act which insured individual bank deposits up to $5,000 that ended the nation’s continued trend of bank failures
FDR took the nation off of the gold standard by having the Treasury buy gold from citizens and after this, only transactions in paper money were accepted
FDR also had the goal of creating modest inflation which would relieve debtors’ burdens and stimulate new production
left
senator huey long - give people a house car and a decent income
Father coughlin- 1/3 of the nation listened to his radio criticed the bankers
fransics toensend- pension for thoose over 60
right
FDR created jobs with federal money in order to jumpstart the economy
The Civillian Conservation Corps employed approximately 3 million men in government camps with work including reforestation, fighting fires, flood control, and swamp drainage
The Federal Emergency Relief Act was Congress’s first major effort in dealing with the large amounts of unemployment
Created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration that gave states direct relief payments or money for wages on work projects
Civil Works Administration was a branch of the FERA and was designed to provide temporary jobs during emergencies in the winter
Relief was given to farmers through the Agricultural Adjustment act which made millions of dollars available in order to help farmers meet their mortgages
Home Owners’ Loan Corporations helped households that had trouble paying their mortgages to Civilian to
Unemployment continued to be a problem despite the efforts of the New Deal
Father Charles Coughlin, Senator Huey P. Long, and Dr. Francis E. Townsend presented themselves as opponents of FDR’s policies
The Works Progress Administration, passed by Congress in 1935, had the objective of providing unemployment for useful projects with taxpayers criticizing the agency for paying people to do “useless” jobs such as painting murals practical
Women started to break gender barriers through them holding positions in the Federal government, such as the President’s cabinet
Ruth Benedict made several strides in the field of anthropology
Pearl Buck won a Nobel Prize in literature in 1938 by
The National Recovery Administration was designed to bring industries together in order to create a set of “fair” business practices
Working hours were reduced so more people could be hired, a minimum wage was established, and workers were given the right to organize
The NRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 due to Schechter vs. United States due to the NRA giving legislative powers to the President and allowing Congress to control individual businesses
Public Works Administration was meant to provide long-term recovery with it spending over $4 billion on thousands of projects, such as public buildings, highways, and dams
Congress repealed prohibition with the 21st Amendment in late 1933 in order to raise federal revenue and provide employment
to
to
Agricultural Adjustment Administration tried to reduce crop surpluses which led to lower crop prices and established standard “parity prices” for basic commodities
The Agricultural Adjustment Agency also paid farmers to not farm in order to reduce their crop harvests
Supreme Court ruled the AAA as unconstitutional in 1936 with it stating that its taxation programs were illegal
Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936 in an attempt to make farmers farm less and they reduced crop acreage by paying farmers to plant soil-conserving crops
The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 continued conservation payments and ff farmers obeyed the acreage restrictions, they would be eligible for payments
not to
to
if
The Dust Bowl struck many states in the trans-Mississippi Great Plains, late in 1933
Caused by drought, wind, and over-farming of the land
Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act was passed in 1934 and it suspended mortgage foreclosures on farms for 5 years but was struck down by Supreme Court in 1935
The Resettlement Administration moved near-farmless farmers to better lands in 1935
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 encouraged Native American tribes to establish self-government and to preserve their native crafts and traditions
77 of the tribes refused to organize under the law while hundreds organized
frameless
Congress passed the “Truth in Securities Act” to protect public against investment fraud which required people that were selling investments to inform their investors of the risk of the investment
The Securities and Exchange Commission was created in 1934, with it providing oversight of the stock market
the
New Dealers accused the electric-power industry of charging the public too much money for electricity
Hundred Days Congress created the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1933 which was designed to build dams on the Tennessee River
These projects gave government information on exactly how much money was required to produce and distribute electricity
TVA turned a poverty-stricken area into one of the most flourishing regions in the U.S.
Conservatives viewed the New Deal programs as “socialistic” which iltimately helped limit the TVA-style of management to the Tennessee Valley
the
ultimately
TVA style
Federal Housing Administration was passed in 1934 with it trying to improve the home-building industry
It also gave small loans to homeowners for the purpose of improving their homes and buying new ones
United States Housing Authority was passed in 1937 with it being designed to lend money to states or communities for low-cost housing developments
Social Security Act of 1935 provided federal-state unemployment insurance and some retired workers being able to receive regular payments from Washington in order to provide security for old age with the purpose being to provide support for urbanized Americans who could not support themselves with a farm
Republicans were in opposition to social security
buy
to improve
to
Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 in order to help labor unions
The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 created a powerful National Labor Relations Board for administrative purposes
Unskilled workers started to organize under leadership from Lewis, who was in charge of the United Mine Workers
Lewis formed Committee for Industrial Organization which led a series of strikes
Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938
CIO claimed about 4 million members by 1940
to
the
Republicans chose Landon to run as president against Roosevelt in election of 1936
Republicans condemned New Deal for its radicalism, experimentation, confusion, and “frightful waste”
Democrats had significant support from millions of people that had benefited from New Deal programs
FDR won the election
The 20th Amendment shortened the period from election to inauguration by 6 weeks
Roosevelt saw his reelection as a mandate to continue the New Deal reforms
Supreme Court was primarily dominated by conservatives against many of the “socialistic” New Deal programs
Roosevelt proposed the Court-packing plan which received a lot of negative feedback from the public the Conservatives primarily dominated Supreme Court
Public criticized FDR for trying to tamper with the Supreme Court which was an affront on the system of checks and balances
Supreme Court started to support New Deal legislation due to public pressure
A series of deaths and resignations of justices let FDR appoint 9 justices to the Court
The public
to
Unemployment, while still high, had begun to slow down (1933-1937)
Reduced spending caused the economy to take another downturn in 1937
Keynesianism economics consisted of government being used to “prime the pump” of the economy and encourage consumer spending with this policy intentionally creating a budget deficit
Congress passed the Hatch Act of 1939 with it preventing federal administrative officials from active political campaigning and soliciting
Opponents of the New Deal blamed the President of spending too much money on his programs, which significantly increased the national debt
National debt increased from $19 trillion to $40 trillion from 1932 to 1939
Federal government became more powerful under FDR
New Deal didn’t end depression and instead just gave temporary relief to citizens and despite New Deal efforts, production still overpowered spending
The issue of unemployment wasn’t solved until World War II for the nation
Supporters of the New Deal argued that relief was the primary objective of the war on Depression
FDR believed that the government was morally bound to preventing mass hunger and starvation by “managing” the economy and potentially saved capitalism by eliminating some of faults such as poor labor conditions
Eleanor Roosevelt, FDR’s wife was very active in FDR’s political career with her being loved by liberals and hated by conservatives
FDR was a good public speaker
Democrats called for a balanced budget and social and economic reforms
Few pictures of him in a wheelchair because it was media being respectful and he used leg braces in the beginning
Media was being respectful But also kind of bigoted
won in a landslid
FDR attacked Republican Old Deal in his election
Roosevelt supported a New Deal for the “forgotten man”
A lot of Americans didn’t trust the Republican Party due to the dire economic state of the country caused by the Great Depression
Hoover believed that the worst of the Depression was over and therefore reaffirmed his faith in American free enterprise and individualism
FDR won the election of 1932 with a majority in the popular vote and the Electoral College
Blacks started to begin a vital part of the Democratic Party starting with the election of 1932, especially in the urban centers located in the North
FDR declared March 6 through 10 as a national banking holiday as a prelude to the opening of banks
Hundred Days Congress passed a series of laws to help improve the state of the country
Congress also passed a few of FDR’s New Deal programs which were focused on relief, recovery, and reform: short range goals were for relief and immediate recovery and long range goals were permanent recovery and reform
Some of the New Deal programs gave the President unprecedented powers such as the ability to create legislation
The programs that gave the president this authority were deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
Congress gave Roosevelt the blank-check powers
New Deal legislation embraced progressive ideas such as unemployment insurance, old-age insurance, minimum-wage regulations, conservation and development of natural resources, and restrictions on child labor
The 3 R’s of the new deal - Relief, Recovery, and long term reforms
Relief- jobs and food
Recovery- plans for the economy NRA and housing
Reforms - in order to prevent another depression( tariffs, Social Security, FDIC Insure banks)
short-range goal- Relief, Recovery
long-range goal- Reforms
declares an 8 day banking holiday (not something he was supposed to do)
Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 which gave the President the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange in order to reopen solvent banks
FDR gave “fireside chats” over the radio with him using these to soothe the Americans’ confidence in banks
Congress created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation with the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act which insured individual bank deposits up to $5,000 that ended the nation’s continued trend of bank failures
FDR took the nation off of the gold standard by having the Treasury buy gold from citizens and after this, only transactions in paper money were accepted
FDR also had the goal of creating modest inflation which would relieve debtors’ burdens and stimulate new production
left
senator huey long - give people a house car and a decent income
Father coughlin- 1/3 of the nation listened to his radio criticed the bankers
fransics toensend- pension for thoose over 60
right
FDR created jobs with federal money in order to jumpstart the economy
The Civillian Conservation Corps employed approximately 3 million men in government camps with work including reforestation, fighting fires, flood control, and swamp drainage
The Federal Emergency Relief Act was Congress’s first major effort in dealing with the large amounts of unemployment
Created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration that gave states direct relief payments or money for wages on work projects
Civil Works Administration was a branch of the FERA and was designed to provide temporary jobs during emergencies in the winter
Relief was given to farmers through the Agricultural Adjustment act which made millions of dollars available in order to help farmers meet their mortgages
Home Owners’ Loan Corporations helped households that had trouble paying their mortgages to Civilian to
Unemployment continued to be a problem despite the efforts of the New Deal
Father Charles Coughlin, Senator Huey P. Long, and Dr. Francis E. Townsend presented themselves as opponents of FDR’s policies
The Works Progress Administration, passed by Congress in 1935, had the objective of providing unemployment for useful projects with taxpayers criticizing the agency for paying people to do “useless” jobs such as painting murals practical
Women started to break gender barriers through them holding positions in the Federal government, such as the President’s cabinet
Ruth Benedict made several strides in the field of anthropology
Pearl Buck won a Nobel Prize in literature in 1938 by
The National Recovery Administration was designed to bring industries together in order to create a set of “fair” business practices
Working hours were reduced so more people could be hired, a minimum wage was established, and workers were given the right to organize
The NRA was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 due to Schechter vs. United States due to the NRA giving legislative powers to the President and allowing Congress to control individual businesses
Public Works Administration was meant to provide long-term recovery with it spending over $4 billion on thousands of projects, such as public buildings, highways, and dams
Congress repealed prohibition with the 21st Amendment in late 1933 in order to raise federal revenue and provide employment
to
to
Agricultural Adjustment Administration tried to reduce crop surpluses which led to lower crop prices and established standard “parity prices” for basic commodities
The Agricultural Adjustment Agency also paid farmers to not farm in order to reduce their crop harvests
Supreme Court ruled the AAA as unconstitutional in 1936 with it stating that its taxation programs were illegal
Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936 in an attempt to make farmers farm less and they reduced crop acreage by paying farmers to plant soil-conserving crops
The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 continued conservation payments and ff farmers obeyed the acreage restrictions, they would be eligible for payments
not to
to
if
The Dust Bowl struck many states in the trans-Mississippi Great Plains, late in 1933
Caused by drought, wind, and over-farming of the land
Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act was passed in 1934 and it suspended mortgage foreclosures on farms for 5 years but was struck down by Supreme Court in 1935
The Resettlement Administration moved near-farmless farmers to better lands in 1935
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 encouraged Native American tribes to establish self-government and to preserve their native crafts and traditions
77 of the tribes refused to organize under the law while hundreds organized
frameless
Congress passed the “Truth in Securities Act” to protect public against investment fraud which required people that were selling investments to inform their investors of the risk of the investment
The Securities and Exchange Commission was created in 1934, with it providing oversight of the stock market
the
New Dealers accused the electric-power industry of charging the public too much money for electricity
Hundred Days Congress created the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1933 which was designed to build dams on the Tennessee River
These projects gave government information on exactly how much money was required to produce and distribute electricity
TVA turned a poverty-stricken area into one of the most flourishing regions in the U.S.
Conservatives viewed the New Deal programs as “socialistic” which iltimately helped limit the TVA-style of management to the Tennessee Valley
the
ultimately
TVA style
Federal Housing Administration was passed in 1934 with it trying to improve the home-building industry
It also gave small loans to homeowners for the purpose of improving their homes and buying new ones
United States Housing Authority was passed in 1937 with it being designed to lend money to states or communities for low-cost housing developments
Social Security Act of 1935 provided federal-state unemployment insurance and some retired workers being able to receive regular payments from Washington in order to provide security for old age with the purpose being to provide support for urbanized Americans who could not support themselves with a farm
Republicans were in opposition to social security
buy
to improve
to
Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 in order to help labor unions
The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 created a powerful National Labor Relations Board for administrative purposes
Unskilled workers started to organize under leadership from Lewis, who was in charge of the United Mine Workers
Lewis formed Committee for Industrial Organization which led a series of strikes
Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938
CIO claimed about 4 million members by 1940
to
the
Republicans chose Landon to run as president against Roosevelt in election of 1936
Republicans condemned New Deal for its radicalism, experimentation, confusion, and “frightful waste”
Democrats had significant support from millions of people that had benefited from New Deal programs
FDR won the election
The 20th Amendment shortened the period from election to inauguration by 6 weeks
Roosevelt saw his reelection as a mandate to continue the New Deal reforms
Supreme Court was primarily dominated by conservatives against many of the “socialistic” New Deal programs
Roosevelt proposed the Court-packing plan which received a lot of negative feedback from the public the Conservatives primarily dominated Supreme Court
Public criticized FDR for trying to tamper with the Supreme Court which was an affront on the system of checks and balances
Supreme Court started to support New Deal legislation due to public pressure
A series of deaths and resignations of justices let FDR appoint 9 justices to the Court
The public
to
Unemployment, while still high, had begun to slow down (1933-1937)
Reduced spending caused the economy to take another downturn in 1937
Keynesianism economics consisted of government being used to “prime the pump” of the economy and encourage consumer spending with this policy intentionally creating a budget deficit
Congress passed the Hatch Act of 1939 with it preventing federal administrative officials from active political campaigning and soliciting
Opponents of the New Deal blamed the President of spending too much money on his programs, which significantly increased the national debt
National debt increased from $19 trillion to $40 trillion from 1932 to 1939
Federal government became more powerful under FDR
New Deal didn’t end depression and instead just gave temporary relief to citizens and despite New Deal efforts, production still overpowered spending
The issue of unemployment wasn’t solved until World War II for the nation
Supporters of the New Deal argued that relief was the primary objective of the war on Depression
FDR believed that the government was morally bound to preventing mass hunger and starvation by “managing” the economy and potentially saved capitalism by eliminating some of faults such as poor labor conditions
