Henry Ford College 6 copy

Stasis

  • Central principle of physiology is related to the concept of stasis (balance).

Sagittal Planes

  • There are infinite sagittal planes in the body.

  • Only one true midsagittal plane.

Hydrogen and Acidity

  • Excess hydrogen in the body increases acidity.

  • Acidity can break bonds, impacting enzymatic proteins necessary for catalyzing reactions.

  • Blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45, crucial for maintaining life.

Muscle Cells and Mitochondria

  • Muscle cells contain more mitochondria than epithelial cells because they require more energy.

  • Types of muscle cells:

    • Cardiac muscle: may be multinucleated.

    • Skeletal muscle: always multinucleated.

    • Epithelial cells: typically uninucleated.

Nitrogenous Bases

  • Uracil is a nitrogenous base that does not exist in DNA.

  • DNA is a double-stranded helix with antiparallel orientation, unlike RNA.

Energy Yield of Macromolecules

  • Protein: 4 kilocalories.

  • Carbohydrates: 4 kilocalories.

  • Lipids: yield varies but typically higher due to their molecular structure.

Isotopes

  • Isotopes are atoms that have the same atomic number but different weights due to differing numbers of neutrons.

Atomic Structure

  • Atomic symbol represents the element.

  • Atomic number is equal to the number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom.

  • Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons.

Connective Tissue

  • Connective tissue: few living cells with a lot of non-cellular matrix.

  • Types of connective tissues include:

    • Rigid: bone and cartilage.

    • Loose: areolar and adipose.

Body Orientation

  • The heart is medial to the lungs.

  • Lateral borders of the mediastinum are formed by the lungs.

  • Diaphragm forms the inferior border.

  • Anterior border: sternum; posterior border: vertebral bodies.

Transport Mechanisms

  • Sodium-potassium ion exchange pump: active transport.

  • Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion: passive transport.

  • Phagocytosis: cellular process of eating, classified as active transport.

Fatty Acids

  • Fatty acids missing one hydrogen are classified as monounsaturated.

  • Fatty acids missing multiple hydrogens are polyunsaturated.

  • Importance: unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and considered healthier.

Chemical Reactions

  • Decomposition reactions involve breaking bonds (also called hydrolysis).

  • Synthesis reactions involve building bonds (dehydration synthesis).

  • Catabolic reactions break down compounds (think catastrophic), while anabolic reactions build up compounds (associated with bodybuilding).

Heart Membrane

  • Membrane on the heart's surface is called visceral pericardium.

Osmosis

  • Movement of water from high to low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane is known as osmosis.

Point Mutations

  • Point mutations occur due to mismatches of single nucleotides.

Properties of Water

  • Water has a high capacity for heat, acts as a solvent, and facilitates reactions.

  • Water exhibits polar covalent and hydrogen bonding characteristics.

Bonding Types

  • Sharing of electrons is characteristic of covalent bonds; ionic bonds result from the attraction between cations and anions (e.g., sodium and chlorine).