Vocab quiz 4 (ch.15,16)
CHAPTER 15: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
compliance
Ability of lungs to stretch and expand easily.
High compliance = floppy lungs (e.g., emphysema)
Low compliance = stiff lungs (e.g., fibrosis)
💡 Think: “how easily lungs comply with air”
expiration
Breathing air OUT of the lungs. Usually passive at rest.
đź’ˇ Elastic recoil pushes air out.
tidal volume
Amount of air inhaled/exhaled in a normal breath (~500 mL).
💡 “Everyday breathing volume”
vital capacity
Maximum air you can exhale after a deep breath.
= IRV + TV + ERV
💡 “total usable lung air”
residual volume
Air left in lungs after full exhale.
đź’ˇ Prevents lung collapse
total lung capacity
Total air lungs can hold (everything combined).
surfactant
Lipid substance in alveoli that reduces surface tension so lungs don’t collapse.
💡 Without it → newborn respiratory distress
oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin bound to oxygen (Hb + Oâ‚‚).
đź’ˇ Oxygen transport form
eupnea
Normal, effortless breathing.
💡 “Eup = good”
tachypnea
Abnormally fast breathing.
đź’ˇ Seen in fever, hypoxia, anxiety
apnea
Temporary or complete stopping of breathing.
đź’ˇ Sleep apnea common example
hypoxemia
Low oxygen in the blood.
đź’ˇ Measured by PaOâ‚‚ / pulse ox
hypoxia
Low oxygen in the tissues.
đź’ˇ More dangerous than hypoxemia
hypercapnia
Too much COâ‚‚ in blood.
đź’ˇ Often from hypoventilation
aspiration
Food/liquid enters airways instead of esophagus.
đź’ˇ Can cause pneumonia
hemoptysis
Coughing up blood from lungs/airways.
dyspnea
Difficulty breathing / shortness of breath.
orthopnea
Dyspnea when lying flat.
đź’ˇ Common in heart failure
retractions
Skin pulling inward during breathing effort.
đź’ˇ Sign of airway obstruction
auscultation
Listening to internal sounds with stethoscope.
adventitious
Abnormal lung sounds (wheezing, crackles).
cyanosis
Blue tint of skin from low oxygen.
đź’ˇ Late sign of hypoxia
clubbing
Bulbous fingertips from chronic low oxygen.
bronchiectasis
Permanent widening/damage of bronchi → mucus buildup + infections.
air trapping
Air gets stuck in lungs (can’t fully exhale).
đź’ˇ Seen in COPD/asthma
atopic
Genetic tendency toward allergies/asthma.
pneumothorax
Air in pleural space → lung collapse.
💡 “Collapsed lung”
atelectasis
Collapse of alveoli (partial lung collapse).
đź’ˇ Often after surgery or obstruction
CHAPTER 16: CARDIOVASCULAR
perfusion
Blood flow delivering oxygen to tissues.
💡 “oxygen delivery”
pericardium
Outer sac around heart.
myocardium
Heart muscle layer (contracts).
endocardium
Inner lining of heart chambers.
hemorrhage
Excessive bleeding.
thrombosis
Blood clot formed in a vessel.
atherosclerosis
Plaque buildup in arteries → narrows vessels.
đź’ˇ Major cause of heart disease
aneurysms
Weak balloon-like vessel bulge → rupture risk.
venous stasis
Slow/poor blood flow in veins → clot risk.
thrombocythemia
Too many platelets → clotting risk.
thromboembolus
Clot that breaks off and travels.
embolus
Anything traveling in blood causing blockage (clot, fat, air).
infarction
Tissue death due to lack of blood/oxygen.
💡 “dead tissue”
stenosis
Narrowing of a vessel or valve.
regurgitation
Backflow of blood through a valve.
cardiac dysrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm.
fibrillation
Chaotic, uncoordinated heart contractions.
đź’ˇ A-fib / V-fib
heart block
Electrical signal delay/block in heart.
ecchymoses
Large bruise under skin.
petechiae
Tiny red blood spots.
purpura
Medium flat purple bruises.
hematoma
Large pooled blood collection (lump).
hypertension
High blood pressure.
hypotension
Low blood pressure.
septic shock
Infection → widespread vasodilation → low BP.
neurogenic shock
Nervous system damage → loss of vessel tone → low BP.
anaphylactic shock
Severe allergic reaction → airway + BP collapse.
myocardial infarction
Heart attack (blocked coronary artery → heart tissue death).
angina pectoris
Chest pain from reduced heart oxygen (temporary ischemia).
systolic failure
Heart can’t contract well.
diastolic failure
Heart can’t relax/fill properly.
congestive heart failure
Heart can’t pump effectively → fluid backs up in lungs/body.
cor pulmonale
Right heart failure due to lung disease.
stroke
Brain tissue death due to blocked/ruptured vessel.
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Mini-stroke that resolves quickly.
DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
Body-wide clotting + bleeding problem.
💡 “clotting system goes crazy then runs out”
fibrinolysis
Breakdown of clots.