APUSH NOTES (copy)

Unit 1

Beginning of the period of exploration, fueled by (for the Spanish) the three 3 Gs (Gold [Economic], God [Missions/religion],[Missions/Religion],that Glory). [Missions/Religion], andRenaissancee RennissanceRenaissanceencouraged ColumbusRenaissance and Ottoencouraged Columbusage CColumbusIndies/Atlantic,encouragRenaissanceed Columbus to explHispanioladies/Aencouraged Columbustlantic whereIndies/Atlantic, he landed Indies/Atlantic,Indies/Atlantic,in Hispanola Hispaniolaand thought he was in India before another explorer (Amigoa Vallisa) declared that thHispaHispaniolaa Newniolahad found New World. The Indigenous peoples were already organized into complex societies, mainly fueled by ta Newaa Newmaize, Newread of maize which allowed them to develop agriculture techniques and, in some cases, establish sedientmaize,sedentary societies.ary socieites. The composition of natives in thesedentary societies.maize,maize,was Americas maimaizezewas split into 3 regions: The East had the Iroquois in wassedentary societies.sedentary societies.the North, using Maizesemi-sedentary and agriculwasture to maintain semi-sedintarylonghouse,semi-sedentarymaize lifmaizeestyles. They are known for the Cherokee,sstructurelsemi-sedentaryonghouse,semi-sedentarylonghouse,tructure which was the longhouse,structure of living that contained generations of families. A little further sosocieties;structureCherokee,e the Cherokee, who used the river to their advantage for agriculture and also lived in semi-sedentary hunted, anCherokee,societies;hunted, andsocieties;dsocieties;mounds men huhunted, andnted, women farmed. In the Midwest region, thehunted, and Chokai moud moundbuilders are the most notable, with their largest city being 10-20k people, an urban environment. They were somewhatmoundmoundmatriarchal, semi-sedentary. matriarchal,matriarchal, with male roles as hunters and females matriarchal,semi-sedentary. as farmers, so somewhat Midwestsemi-seMidwestdentary. semi-sedentary. The MississippianMidwMississippianestMidwest also had missipian societies that utilized the water tobenefit from benfit of trade with otbenefit fromMississippianMississippiansocietiesher socieites (5-6k people). Further west were nomadic groups like thsocietiesbenefit frombenefit from-100e Ute, 20ChinChinook,ook,-100 people that used teepees and hunted for food. Furthest west were groups l-100societiessocietiesike the Chamush and ch-100inook usewho didn’t semsemi-sedentaryuseChinook,usei-Chinook,sedentary agriculture but maintained abunusedantsemi-ssemi-sedentaryabundantedentary societies from the abudnat abundantwasn’tresources in the land and sea. The Spanish began conquering the land in hand with the spread of religion (conquistadors and missions). The Spanish spread disease, namely smallpox, allowing them to easily wipe out large Spanish empires like the Inca and Aztec with relatively few men and effort. Hwasn’t, this wans’t the only thing that they spread. The Spanish set up abundantwasn’tColumbianthe ColumibCoColumbianlwasn’tumbian, ttransferringransfering disease, tech, and crops between the two worlds: The transfetransferringColumbianplaguedrring were plauged by disease, the Europeans experienced a population boom from the new crops that were introduced to their diet (vplagueda in plaguedtransferringthe AmericasAmericas butreceived to a lesser extent), andthe Americasplaguedthe Americasives recievedreceivedmetals, and nthe Americasew tech like horsesreceived, metals, firmetals, andtrampledearms; however, the nreceivedewly introduced animetals, andmals trampeletramplemetals, anddSpanishd cropstrampled. The spanishSpanishsugarcane, used coerced labor to profit trampledoff cash crops liSpanishke sugar camesugarcane,encoSpanishmienda, developing tsugarcane,he economiendencomiendaruleda system and caste system (hand in hand). Encomisugarcane,enda was based encomiendaon land rueldruledThe Taino by conquistadors with people tied to the land, eventually replaced by the Hacienda system after rulers disliked the amount of power some were gaining from the EN system. Indigenous people revolted in Pueblo and encomiendaTaino rebellioruledns. TruledThe TainThe Tainooccurredoaino occured occurredsuccessfulin Puerto Rico to reject forThe Tainoced labor and wasnoccurredsuccesoccurredsfulsussuccessfulbut issecful but anbut isnonsuccessfuletheless. example but isnonethel,ess.nonetheless. interactions. Vallidoas debates between Bartolomé de las Casas and a conquistador, who argued the individuality and rights of natives. Las Casas said that they were people and should be treated as such, but his opponent believed that the Spanish were doing them a favor by bringing them to Christianity and saving them from their barbaric lifestyles. Both groups exchabut isnged culture during their inonetheless. nteracrions. interactions. ChristSome Nativesnonetheless. accepted Christianiinteractions. ty and christCinteractions. hristprinciples Christas princples principlespolytheiChriststic religionsin their Spaniardsprinciples), (eventuallpolytheistic religionsprinciplespolytheistic religionsSpaniards),y leading to dissent and violence from supreme, ansupreme,d Europeans learned agriculture techniques. However, there were still major differences in the practices of both societies. The Europeans viewed themselves Spapolytheistic religionsniards),as Supreme land Spaniards),wasandsupreme, the land proland wasstructure,vided for their use, while Indigenous people respected the land and nature as something to be tended to, and they would be rewarded in turn. Europeans maintaisupreme,ned a nuclear familand wasly structure structure,Bible. while Natives had extended families that were based on the responsibilities of individuals in communities. Slavery wasland was justified througstructure,h the bible. Bible. kingdom'sExploration during this time was facilitated by shipbuilding technologies and joint-stock companies and, for the English, the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Unit 2

At this time, European kingdoms began defining their use of the Americas, drawing disstructure,tinct lines in eBible. ach kingdoms kingdom'sAmericapurpose. The Spanish were looking for economic benefit through cash crops, ravaging the land and natiBible. ves starting in kingdom'sSouth AmerciaAmericaCarkingdom'sibbean, and and the CAmericaarribean, worCaribbean, andclosestking their way up. They tried to capture and control as much as possible, primarily in an economic and political regard. ThAmericae French and Dutch haCaribbean, andd the closet closest-termthing to diplomatic relations out of all the other European settlers. They were also looking for profit, but withCaribbean, andout any sortclosest of long term-termprofit, encroachment or settlement. They intermarried and allied with the natives to establish a developed fur/beaver trade. The British first wanted to establish semi-permanenclosestt settlement-terms for profit pr-termofit,Jamestown,liprofit,ke Jamestown Japrofit,mestown,eventuallythJamestown,at eventuall eventuallysettlements,developed into permanent settlements. However, they wanted very little to do with the Indians and viewed them as a problem, sometimes allying but only for absolute benefit and with limited tribes. The primary focus durinJamestown,g this unit is Britisheventually settlements settlements,Americas,which were inspired by profit, religion, and social mobility. Because of religious conflict in Europe, severaeventuallyl groups migrated to settlements,the Americas Amersettlements,icas,PuritanslikeAmericas, the puritansAmericas,PuritansPlymouth,Puritans in plymouthPuritansPPlymouth,Quakerslymouth,, the quakersQuakersimmigrants/diversePlymouth, in PA,Quakersrnats/diverseAmsterdamimQuakersmigrants/diverse groups in immigrants/diverseNew AmsterdamPlymouth,Amsterdam (Dutch). The Puimmigrants/diverseritans were strict in Plymouth AmsterdamPlymouth,thosePlymouth,displaying democratic ideals, but only to a small fraction of their followthosePlymouth,unusualnd onlthosey thsoe who were Puritans. This democracthosey was unsual unusualand shown in the MayflunusualunusualCompact,ower compact, town meetings, and Compact,-basedsociety-basedpurely interests. They-basedCompact,Compact, were living democrpurely-basedpurelydemocracy. acy. out of survival, not profit, growing just enough to eat and facing many deaths. The Quakers wanted religious independence for multiple groups and were unusually tolerant, accepting many and also showing signs of democracy Tthe grainheypurely grew (in PA) democracy. off grain ecothe grainJamestown,nomy and high exports. Also remember Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams in Rhode Island. The final democracy. colony to focus on the grainis Jamestown Jamestown,Burgesses;which was originally only single white men who wanted money but slowly changed into a more demographically diverse society. They showed government in town meetthe grainings like the House Jamestown,of Burgess, oBurgesses;tobacconce again, only a few people could participate. The colonies continued to develop, eventually becoming an entity of their own that utilized indentured servitude tJamestown,o farm cash cropsBurgesses; like TobaccotobaccoAfrican-based chattel (John Rolfe) and sugar, but as the resistance and demand increased, the colonies sloBurgesses;wly transitioned to Africanbtobaccoased chattle African-based chattelthtobaccoe highslavery, also influetheAfrican-based chattel highghAfrican-based chattelpercenthe hightage percentage of slave populations spreading general paranoia. The key turning pointpercentagepercentagethe highRebellion,n’s rebellion demonstrationwhich was the first demostrationRebellion,Rebellion,dservants’demonstrationemonstration of Jamestownservants’demonstration/receivingbefore beingreceivingservants’ anger for not recieving as much land, eventually attempting tservants’o kill the governor of jamestown/virgina befor ebing smaintainingJamestown/Virginia before beingreceivingJamestown/Virginia before beingquashed. Africans were brought in, but they didn’t likreceivinge slavery either, so they used both covert and overt resistance. This was done with mainting faJamestown/Virginia before beingmaintainingties andmaintainingmimaintaininglial ties, cuties andltties andties andties andural ties, ties andties aties andlabor/breakingndabor/braekign tools, but also utilizing diThe Stonolabor/breakingThe Stonoaction.labor/breakinglabor/breaking StoRebellion,no rebellion, by sevRebellion,The StonoThe Stonothe Stono River,eralthe the Stono River,Rebellion,Rebellion,severalStono River,the Stono River, was sveral slaves who went through hSouth CarolinaundredsSouth hundSouth CarolinaseveralseveralredsCarolina killinSouth Carolinag Americanwhitesswhiteshundreds of white who they saw beforhundredse being squashed. tightenewhitesdworriedAmericanswhitesAmericansworriedAmericans were worriedtightenedworried and tightenedwitchedtightened slave codes and switc hiswitchedng to the chattel (property) ideals. The trade of africansswitchedAfricanson rumAfricans wasAfricans based of Rumon rum fromon rumon rumAmericas the amerciasAmericAmericasAfricaasAmericasves in the CaribbeanAfricAfricathe CaribbeanaAfrica → sugar in rurummthe Caribbeanthe Caribbean → the Amthe Americasericas in independenceindependence/salutary/salutarythe Amerumrumricas → repeat. The colonists started to enjoy independece/salutary the merthe Americascantilistneglect but were reminded of worsenedindividuindividualitythe mercantilistindependence/salutarythe mercantilistality system through navigation aindependence/salutarycts, wherein tensions were growing. Impressment, forced trade, and ideas of indthe mercantilistivworsenedindividualityfueled througindividualityh movementsworsenednly worsended this. This indivfueled through movementsFirst Great Aworsenedwakeningfueled through movementsoug hmovemtns like the first great awakeEnlifueled through movementsFirst Great AwakeningEnlightenment. First Great Awakeningghtenment. Great AwakeniFirst Great AwakeningngEnlightenment. enlightment. The great awakeningEnlightenment. Great AwakeningreligiousGreat Awakening waGreat Awakenings a religoirereligiousligiousreligioustheeform in tththee Christian church where more people were encouraged to lthetheLordn to the lord and display emotions (emotionalism). Concurrent with this, the idea that people aLordLorduninfringibleuninfringable nuninfringibleuninfringiblerightsatural righjtrightss began to spread in comrightsrightscombination withibnatio nwith ideals like the socicombination withcocombination withindividuality, andmbination withiduality ,and checks aindividuality, andbalances. nd blaances. Anglicization,Another majbalances. individuality, andindividuality, andor theme was society/governresemblancbalances. eAnglicization,balances. Anglicization,mentresemblance which wAnglicization,as a resemblenceresemblance of British soceity/govercolonresemblancesociety/governmentcolonies. society/governmenties. society/governmentprimarilyhe ccolonies. olonies/ Thiscolonies. is primairlyprimarily displayed through primarilyprimarilystructurethe sturcutre (not reststructureorructurestructureesentation ro ideals) of colonialorgovernments, governements, the wealth gap/the wealth of merchants in the colonies,

Unit 3

This period is kicked off with the French angovernments,ororWar,d Indian YearYears' War.War,governments,governments,s' War.War, or the Seven Year's war.laid The British were beginning to migrate westward, namely into the Ohio River Valley Territory. However, the French and Natives were already settled in this region, caWar,using a dispute over who laieblunder,laidYears' War.laidd claim to the lYears' War.and. Washington madblunder,eventuallyblulaidnder,itary blunder and the war was on. This was a war between the French and Indians and the British and some Indians. The war carried over to Europe before evnetuallyblunder,eventuallyTreatyeventually ending with the British victory, leading eventuallyto tTreatyTreTreatyatyPariseaty of parisParis iParisParisceded This cecedcededed the Spanish territory in the West to the French (because the Spanish wereparty) andcededcededparty) andolvedsuccessiononparty) andparty) and the Proclamationsuccessionsuccession of the Ohio River Valley and French Territory in the Northwest. Colonists were eager to settle in this lanProclamationd but were met with the Proclima1763,tion of settlsettlement pastement past1763, which was the British method of (somewhat good-intentioned) preventing colonists from getting into further conflict with the Frenc1763,ProclamationProclamationh or Indians. This prevented displeasurebelibelievedevedsettlement past t1763,he Appalachian Mountains. Furious because they beleived that westward expansion was their reward for assisting the British in war, tsettlement pasthey expressed theibelievedr AdditionalldispleasurebelieveddispleasureAdditionally,y, in multiple ways. Stamp Act, tdispleasurehAdditionally,Stamp Act,e British passed the stamp act,protests the first direct tax, to raise money to pay for the war. The colonists were furious and claimed that they were being taxed without representation. This act, along with the quartering and navigation acts, brewed tension in the colonies. The main man who promoted and pushed these acts was George Greenville. The colonists responded wAdditionally,ith vStamp Act,ocal protest protestsorganizations,and boycotts that were caStamp Act,rried ouprotestsorganizations Sonsorganizations,including (most importantly) the committees of commerce to expedite the transmprotestsission of messDaugorganizations,organizations,hters and theSons SonSonss & daughteDaDaughtersughtersLibertyrs of libertyLibertyParliament to organize protests. In what was known as the Stamp Act Congress, the cDaughtersolonists petitionLibertyed parliamentParliamentStLibertyamp Act, to remove tParliamenthe DeclaratorStamp Act,ParliamentStamp Act,Declaratoryy which was done, but not before they passed the Declatory Asupremacy. ct that reafStamp Act,fiDeclaratoryh Supremacy. occurredsuDeclaratorypremacy. Several evsupremacy. supremacy. ents occured occurredafter this between 1occurred1774,770 and 17741774, the1774,occurredcolonists colonits from representation to rebellion. The Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party are the main two. Following the tea party, the British passed the intolerable/coercive acts that closed the port in Boston temcolonists stcolonists1774,strengthenedrenghtenedwere the quartering act. The final straws that changed the colonists from representation strengthenedcoloniststo rebellion convworld,wereinced the battle at Lexington and Concord and Thomas Paine’s Common Sense pamphlet. Lexington and Concord fired thstrengthenedstrengthenede shot heawererd round the world,wereconvinworld,ced and Common Sense represented Enlightenment and Great Awakening ideals that conviworld,ced convincedneededcolonists that they were being oppressed byneededannydeclaconvincedrenedeclareneededededDOI,ed to deldeclarecare independence. TJ dradeclarefted the DOI DOI,and the revolution began. The British should’ve won and had several advantaDOI,DOI,so,ges to do so including a huge military, a deadly navy,so,so,mercentso,mercantilism,alism, Indigenous allies, and a sizable loyalist population (15-20% vs. patriot 50%). However, the Americans won because of GW’s leadership, fighting a defensive war,mercantilism,the alliance alliance witthe alliancemercantilism,mercantilism,France, andh Battlethe alliancethe tthe turningFrance, andthe allianceFrance, andurning aFrance, and turning pthe turningoint battle at tHessianBathe turningBattleTrentonBattlettles. le of TrenTrentontonTrentonhe hessians. Hessians. French aid was secured wiHessians. Hessians. Battleth tBattleBatBattletleSaratogae of saratogaSaratoga (major battle). SaratogaSaratogaRevolutionaryRevolutrionarRevolutionaryy idRevolutionaryRevolutionarypromotedeals world,promotedpromoted abolition, especially in the North, and women’s rights through republican motherhood. The US’ revolutionary ideals influenced several repromotedworld,volutions around the world including the FrencHaitianh and modeledmodeledHaitian revolutions. State constitutHaitianworld,world,ions were somewhat modled severelyoff the DOI to a certain extent but displayed themes of voting rights for property-owning white men, (in some cases) freedom for ALL men, a bill of rights, and power concentration in a legislature, not an executive. The AOC was the fiHaitianrst draft that was severly or handle enforcementseverelymodeledflawed. It couldn’t regulate a militia (Shays’), raise taxes, modeledmanage interstate commerce, enforcement, and intebenefit,or handle enforcementseverelyrnational trade/foseverelyreign relations. However, the AOC had one becomingguidelinesbenefit,or handle enforcementbenefit,guidelines which was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 that banned slavery in the north, permior handle enforcementtted westward expansion (in that region), and set the futurebenefit, guidlines guidelinesfor becomignguidelinesbecomingConstitutionbecoming federalism,ebecoming ConstitutionConstitution improved on the flaws of the AOC and also implemenConstitutionof Federalisfeseparationfederalism,deralism,m, seperationseparation3/5ths, of power, and checks/balances. There were 3 main compromises that came federalism,out of the Convenseparationtion: 3/5s, t3/5ths,the internationalhe Great,separation and the banning of inte3/5ths,rntional slavthe internationalratif3/5ths,icatione trade 20 years afterthe international ratifiction ratificatiothe internationalnallowingbut temporaratificationrily allowingallowingratification, iratificationt. States were split allowingon ratification farewellratification,with many wanting a bill of rights and more state-centered powers. GW set a number of precedents as the first presidratification,ent: farwell farewell-yearaddress, cratification,abinet/departfarewellments, 2 yearthe Judiciarfarewelly-year terms, abet-yearwe-yearthe JudiciaAct. the Judiciaryrythe Judiciaryen FederalistAct. sdiciary act. Political parties emerged ove/Anti-FederaliststwAct. Act. een Federalisbetween Federaliststsbetween Federalists/Anti-Federalists/Anti-Federalists (DemReps). Led by Hamilton and Jefferson. Hamilton wanted a national bank to establish a national credit and start a national economy, but DemReps thought/Anti-Federalistsoverexertion overexersionoverexertion of power not listed in the Constitution that would benefit capitalists only. The Whiskey Rebellion also made the DemReps weary because ooverexeroverexertionsquashedtione US squahsedsquashed people who were trying to rebel with ease and great power. Further disputes over involvement in the French Revolution divided the groups. GW passedsquasheda neutrality neutrality squashedaa neutrality neutralityproclamation,proclimation,proclamation,the Alien causing Ta neutralityJ to resign. Adams pasproclamation,sed alien andthproclamation,e AlienSedition Acts, sthe AlieneSedition ActSedition Acts,causing the the AlienNullification/Virginia ands,tion/virginia (Enlighcausing the Nullification/Virginia andSedition Acts,Kentucky Resolutions.tcausing the Nullification/Virginia and Americans deKentucky Resolutions.(Enlightveloped a national identity around lcausing the Nullification/Virginia andiberty/individuality (ENlightKentucky Resolutions. & Great Awake) with new art forms in literature, visual art, and architecture(EnlightnseendatatranscendentaKentucky Resolutions.lismlism transcendentalismand romantici(Enlightsm. However, regitranscendentalismtensionsonal tesnionstightened. tensionstranscendentalismtensions tightended.tightened. British, There were several parties who were upset by the colonists’ westward expansion. The natives allitensionsed with the Spanishtightened. and British British,the Battlewho armed them, making migration hardtightened. er. GW led troops British,in batty of GBritish,the BattleFallen Timbersthe Battlereenville), (Fallen Timbersthe BattleFallen TimbersGreenville),Treaty of Greenville) GrFallen Timberseenville),treatiesestablishing and enforcing US presence. There were also a few other treatys Treatytreatiesat the time that gave theGreenville), US moretreaties Jay’s treatyfortsTreatytreaties aboliTreatyBritish FortsNTreatyorth,forts fortsin the North North,acknowledgmentand fortsPickney reinforced aNorth,cknolwedgmentacknowledgmentattempts of US-Spain borders.

Unit 4

After gaNorth,ining independence, the US attemptsthe USattempts to gain a name on the world stage by various means. TJ passes the Emacknowledgmentacknowledgmentbargo Acindepeattemptsndencethe USto develop the US economy and signify independnce the USindependencecompletelyindependencefrom economic activity with GB and France. This act backfires completletindependencecompletelyNon-Intercourse Actcompletelyy and hurts the American economy. Eventually, this act is replaced with the non-intercourse actcompletelyNon-Intercourse Actthe EmbargoNon-Intercourse Act that tried to repair damages done by the EmbargoNon-Intercourse Act unsuccessfulthe EmbargoWar unsuccessful unsuccesfthe Embargoful overall. The second way the US tried to make a name on the world stage was unsuccessfulrough the warMonroe Doctrine,War of 1812, fueled by British presence in forts in Northern America and (primarily) impressment. The US won and unsuccessfulestWestern HemispheWarWarrenroe doctriMonroe Doctrine,ne which said that the US was dominant in the westeMonroe Doctrine,rn hemisphereWestern Hemisphereinterfere,Monroe Doctrine, and European powers shouldnWestern Hemisphere’t interfere achievinginterfere,and vice versa with the EU in the east. This was much more successful and aWestern Hemisphere right stethe expaninterfere,interfere,sion in acheiachievingving their goal. The US also engaged in two main territorial claims that assisted in achievingexpansion andthe expansionjointly dominance of North America. The Anglo-American convention gave the US paachievingrtial ownership of Othe expansionregon jointlyjointlyAdamthe expansion-Onís with GB. Tjointlyhe AdamundercededAdam-OnísAdam-OnísAdam-Oníswentreaty ceccedededed Florida to the United States from Spain.Revolutiocededn,lso underweunderwentnt economic development in the form ocededf the Markeunderwentt Revolution,Revolution, which was a period of industrialization in the US, especially the North. The invention of the factory by Samuel Slater, steRevolution,the steam engine,am engine and the steam engine,the telegraph line greatly improved transportation and communication, necessities of industrialization. Two other big inthe steam engine,wereventions inteinterchangeablerchangeable Eli werethe steam engine,werelopment of interchangable mechanical reaper,pwerearts in products and the mechnical reaper wmechanical reaper,specializationshich expedited farming. The Market Rinterchangeableinterchangeableevolution also caused regional specializationsSouth,specimechanical reaper,mechanical reaper,alizations in the Norspecializationsth and South South,infrastructurewith the South focusing on agricultural farming and natural resources that were sold to the North and manufactured to be exported. In this way, the US economy became more unified. The governments, both federal and state, sponsored iSouth,nfrasturcutreinfrastructuretransportation projects that South,improved communication and tinfrastructureransporation transportationwitnessed. as well. Cities in the North became more urbanized and attracted immigrants, mostly Irish and German. During this period, the first peaceful transfer of power between two presidents of oppoinfrastructuresing political parties watransportations wittnessed.witnessed. 1819, the However, these parties still debated the power of the federal government, involvement in foreign affairs, the Louisiana Purchase, and the Judiciary Act/Marbury v. Madison/McCulloch v. Maryltransportationand. After the panicwitnessed. of 1819 fran1819, thenumberchise was expanded to white men who weren’t wealthwitnessed. y. This increas1819, theed the amountnumbervote, o1819, thef people whnumbero could vote vote, wenumberreand the vote,majority, the vote,weremen. wereworking man. men. decisions, andThis development allowed Andrew Jackson to win the election of 1840 by a landslide and provide a new perspective in government. Jackson set a huge precedent by acting as a bigger executive figure, deny wereing Supreme Court dmen. ecisions, rivdecisions, andStates andaling with Congress in events such as the chartermen. of the Bank of the Unitdecisions, anded Statedecisions, andStateStates andtariffs ands, the tarriftarifStates andfabominations,f of tariffabominations abominations,rightswhich caused a nullification crisis and a response from Jackson with the force bill. Jackstariffon also preserved states’ rightsRoad. rights by rejecting improvementabominations,abominations,s on the Cumrightsberland road. Road. die. A multRoad. i-sided dice.die. the cult The Market Revolution greatly shaped the societal classes of the US by introducing the middle class, widening the wealth gap between the poor and the elites, developing the spheres of existeRoad. nce and theredie. fore cult of the cultcreatingdomesticity for women, increasing the immigdie. rant population,the cult and creting creatingencouragednativist movements. Lowthe cultell and other citicreatinges encoruagedencouragedart forms female independence and participation in tcreatinghe workplace. Previencouragedous artforms art formsacceptedlike transcendentalism and romanticism continued. The Second Great Awakeningencouraged greatly followerart formss, the accpetaccepteded art formscommunity acceptedof folloewrs,followers,acceptedreligion focusing more on spreading the emotiofollowers,n of religoirreligfollowers,ionpeopleeligions many poeplesocietiespeople as possible. The step towards being a good neighbor. Treligionhe idea of utoppeopleian socities societiesBlackwas attempted and mostly unpeoplesuccessful. Thsocietiese first blackBlackmiddle-class-to-working-class church was created. Mass spread of religion. Mormons emerged during this period. The ideasocieties of temperance, a muiddle class toBlack working clasmiddle-class-to-working-clBlackassdelegitimizes movement, was created tomiddle-class-to-working-class illegitemizedelegitimizesuffrage movements alcohol as a culture, leadingmiddle-class-to-working-class to prohibitdidn’trge m[ovemtndelegitimizes were startssuffrage modelegitimizevementsuffrage movementsed but didn’tdidn’tsuffrage movementswomen, include Senecawomen,didn’twomen,Seneca Falls Convention Falls Convention leading to the seneca women,falls cSeneca FaDeclarationlls Conventiond declerationDeclarationSeneca Falls ConventionSentiments. ofDeclaration sentiments. Sentiments. andThe American system promotedDeclaration regional speciSentiments. alization adnandinfrastructure unity in the econoSentiments. my by improving iandnfrasitructurinfrastructuretariffands,e and passing protecinfrastructuretive tarrinfrastructuretaritariffs,the Erieffs,ifs, Erie Canthe Etariffs,riethe Cumberlandal, Cthe Erieumberland Roathe Cumberlandthe Eriethe railroad,d, the Cumberlandand Railraod,ththe Cumberlande railroad,the second athe railroad,nd second banththe railroad,e secondMissourik.the second The missouriMissourthe secondirevealed ComproMissourimise reveladerevealedstarted to the sectional gap that slavery had caused, especially in government.Missouri The North and Sourevealedth started bestarrevealedted tomore dividedcomestarted to mroe divied more dividedNorthon slavery with multiple different perspecstarted totives, especiallymore divided iNorthhings,Normore dividedthKnow Nothings,s, andnNorthKnow Nothings,free soileThe SouKnow Nothings,Free-Soilers, andRadReps). Free-Soilers, andthprincFree-Soilers, andRadReps). The SouthRadReps). ipallyadThe SouthReps) South thought it was a saving grace for slaves and better than wage slaves in the NoRadReps). rth. North thought it waThe Souths principaly principallyimmoral and that it needed to stopprincipallyprincipallyHowever,,read. HowveHowever,However,wasn’tnorth weren’wasn’tt exactly welcoming to slaves. Liberia movemwasn’twasn’tyd GaLloyd Garrison isrrison’s the liberator. CLloyd Garrison isovert,overt, Overt, Nat Turner, South tightened grip.

Unit 5

During this period, the American people were fueled by the ideaDestiny,overt,Lloyd Garrison isLloyd Garrison isifest perceiveperceivedDestiny,overt,overt,,d,Destiny, which waDestiny,s a coast,god-god-givengivenperceived, coast,god-givengod-perceived,givenation purpose to expand from coast to coast,al campaigns,justificationcoast, annexing territory on the way. Manifest destiny was a jusustification for several territorial claims and was seen as a talking point for the Mexican includCaliforjustificationnia,several campaigns,justificationing Cesseveral campaigns,sion terCalifCalifornia,several campaigns,ornia,ritoryCalifornia,,the Mexican Mexican cecthe Mexicanession territCethe MexicanCession territory,Oregon,Cession territory,ssion territory,oruy, ordegonOregon,Oregon,Oregon,Texas. , and texas. Texas. The MexiTexas. Texas. War-American warWarWarWarprovoked was provked provoprovokedPolk,kedprovokedresident Polk who sent troops inPolk,disputedto a denied adeniedrea and let them fire first, allowing him to declare wdisputedPolk,Polk,ar. Mexico Texas cededup tocededdenied Polk’s claim to Cali and Texas udisputeddisputedntil they lost the war and ceded Cali, Utah, Ndeniedew Mexico, and Texas up toThe CaliforniaTexas up toceded the Rio Grande. TreatyMexicansMexicansThe CaliforniaTexas up toThe CaliforniaThe California gold rush further fueled conflicts with Mexican Mexicansand Natives after immigrants began pouring in. The US acquired Oregon from the British in the Oregon TrreatMexicansTreatyinfluxTreatyy of 1846 and had aTreaty large ifnluxinflux of immigrants because of fertile land and federal poliinfluxinfluxthecies like teh Homestead athepreemptionnd landamountamountsspreemption apreemptionthethects that gave awpreemptionay large amounbts of lad discounteamountsdlandamountslandfor free or disocountelanddiscountedCommodore Matthewdiscountedd prices. Mormons moved to Utah. Comordore MaCommoforcediscountedfullyCommodore Matthewdore Matthewry forcefullyKnow Nothing party,forcefullyforcefully opened trade with Japan and Asia. Nativism andCommodore Matthew free soilers develoandnothing party who opposed iKnKnow Nothing party,ow Nothing party,Know Nothing party,mmigrants andand slavery solely on the grounds of economic benefit and andopportunity. opportunity. opportunity. The Mopportunity. Cessionexican CessesiCessionon opened up a lot of new territory that was underCessionthe question queston of fthe questionCessionpopular sovereignty,ree, pop sovthe questioner, or populapothe questionpular sovereignty,Missourir sovereignty,The MissiourWilmot ProvisionMissourii Compromise was no longepopular sovereignty,r effective, and the wilMissouriomnt provisioWilmot ProvisionthreMissourien sparked heavy debaWilmot Provisionte. The tthrethreeeconomice major views were thoWilmot Provisionse opposed tothree the ecoonomieconomicWest,c expansionthree of slavery ieconomicnto the west,West,expansion of slavery, thoeconomicse whandnwantedandslaveryuWest,, aexWest,pansion expansion of slavery,of slavery,expansion of slavery,nd those who wantedcompromisewanted to stop it. These groups evolved into the parties andwho developed thwantede compromcomcompromisethesepromisesie for this theseFerry,disputes. John Browcompromisen raided Hatheserper’s Ferry Ferry,movementsshowingthese violent abolitFerry,ion movenmentmovementsFerry,stampeds before movementsbeing stmped stampedpopular sovereigntyout. The four plans were to let it exist, to stopmovements its spread, to let pop sostampedvstampedpopular sovepopular sovereigntydecide, toreigntyer decide, exdecide, tothe Mipopular sovereigntyssouri Compromise,pand missouri codecide, tompromise, andthdecide, toe Missouri Compromise,Compromise tthe Missouri Compromise,he compromiseCompromiseCthe Missouri Compromise,ompromise of 1850. TCompromisehe compromiseComprCompromiseomiseCali of 1Compromise850 made caliCaliNew Mexico freCompromisee, made Utah aCalind new mexCaliNewNew Mexicoover, Mexicoico pop soverovNew Mexicoer,banned the, over,DC ban on slabanned thestrover,engthenedve trade, andbanned the strenghtend strengthenbanned theedFugitive Slave Act.the fugitistrengthenedve slave act.Fugitive Slstrengthenedave Act.Kansas-Nebraska Act The KansasFugitive Slave Act.-Nerbraska acKansas-NebraskaFugitive Slave Act. Actseveral warringt showed the seKansas-Nebraska Actrveral waringseveral warringthe factions that were involveKansas-Nebraska Actd in the illegal eseveral warringlections, trhtheThee slavery debate as a whole, and the increasing violence inseveral warring bloody Kansas. Thefree,The Dred Scott decision overturned the idea that slaves who entered fthetheree states were free nullificationfree,as they weren’t humans and they were property. This decision alTheso implicated the their resourctheir resourcesnullificationfree,nullificationes of the Missouri Compromise. The Civil War was caused by the election of Lincoln. Both sides werefree, involved in a total war, putting beliefsrir resocuretheir nullificationresourcess in pushing their belifestheir resourcesbeliefsConfederacybeliefs and Confederacybeliefsunsuccessful ConfederacyConfederarcy hasConfederacy unsucsessfulunsuccessful draft laws compared tunsuccessfulunsuccessfulNorth'so the nNorth'sNorth'ssuccessNorth'sbigger Habeassuccesssuccess that also raised revenusuccessHabease. Lincoln suspended Habeus Corpus for the draft. The North had a largerHabeasHabeasa betteration, better ea bettera betteroa betterrganization, and andorganization, better leaders in the end. The South had cotton, better leaders adisorganization,organization, andorganization, anddisorganization,ether,disorganization,disorganization, and a defensive advanttogether,oln wanted to hold the union publicationtogether,together, making sure to preserve the interespublicationiddle states with the publicationthe Emancipation Proclamation.ation Proclamation.publication of emancipation proclimation. The RadReps and Liattracted Blacksracted blackvictories,attracted Blacksthe Emancipation Proclamationthe Emancipation Proclamation..s to join the army and support the North. After strategic oattracted Blacksnly athe thevictories,attracted Blacksvictories,tehtvictories,he Union won. Lincoln’s 10% plan was lenient and abolished slavery with only 1theonly aabolition,only a0% pledge of allegiance per state. The RadReps wanted punishment,and aoliotionly aabolition,and aabolition,on, andpoliticaland a 50% pledge of allegiance per state. Johnson didn’t care and wanted a swift and lenient recovery for the South, eveabolition,n letticausedoldand a polticial ofpoliticalficepoliticalpolitical. This cause causedconflict between him and Congrescausedwas ocausedwas opposedpposed and formed black codwas opposedstwas opposedrestrictions,irctions, and organizations like the KKK. They used sharecropping to continue slavery. The freerestrictions,Freedmen’s Bureaudmens’ beareauGlory).Freedmen’s Bureaurestrictions, success large sucess success[Missions/Religion],that promoted educationependenceindependence for Blacks. Some Black men held office in Congress. Women were angered that the 15th Amendment still only applied to men and formed the National Woman Suffrage Association. Congress opposed Johnson with 2/3 Reps, impeaching him at one point. They eventually passed a military-leadership-based occupancy of Southern States. Southern states rejoined the Confederacy because of Johnson’s leniency. The military troops withdrew, and the South was able to dominate Blacks with widespread racism that would perpetuate into the 20th century. The withdrawal came in the compromise of 1877, which allowed Hayes' presidency. Several Supreme Court cases, like the Slaughterhouse cases, rejected the status of the 14th Amendment as legislation.