Exam Notes

Period One (1453-1648)

  • 1453: End of Hundred Years’ War
  • 1455: Printing Press invented by Johannes Gutenberg
    • Increased literacy and Renaissance contributions
    • Increased distribution of texts like the Bible and Shakespeare
  • 1492: Columbus' Voyage to the New World
  • 1517: Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther)
  • 1555: Peace Treaty of Augsburg
    • End of religious warfare in Germany, state stability
  • 1572: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
  • 1598: Edict of Nantes
    • Religious toleration to Huguenots, ended wars, ended St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
  • 1600: Dutch East India Company established
  • 1643-1715: Louis XIV's Reign in France
    • Centralized bureaucracy, royal patronage
    • Nobility at Palace of Versailles
    • French industry/trade growth
  • 1648: Treaty of Westphalia
    • End of Thirty Years’ War, state sovereignty

Period Two (1688-1799)

  • 1688: Glorious Revolution in England
    • Fear of Catholic succession
    • Parliamentary sovereignty, limited monarch power (William of Orange, James II’s flight)
  • 1688: English Bill of Rights
    • Parliament supremacy, citizen rights
  • 1756-1763: The Seven Years’ War
    • Great Britain, Prussia, Hanover vs. France, Austria, Russia
  • 1763: End of Seven Years’ War (Treaty of Paris)
    • Britain dominant colonial power
  • 1776: American Revolutionary War Start
    • Causes: Taxation without representation, Proclamation of 1763, Boston Massacre, Intolerable Acts
  • 1789-1799: French Revolution
  • 1799: Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
    • First consul (1799), emperor (1804)
    • Conquered Europe, Napoleonic Code reforms

Period Three (1815-1905)

  • 1815: Congress of Vienna and Age of Metternich
    • Restore stability in Europe
    • New balance of power until WWI
  • 1848: Spread of Liberal Revolutions
  • 1861: Italy's Unification (Garibaldi, Cavour, Emmanuel II)
    • Impact on European politics, Italian nationalism
  • 1861: Emancipation of Serfs in Russia
  • 1871: Germany's Unification (Otto von Bismarck)
    • Prussian leadership, Wilhelm I emperor
    • Industrial/military power, tensions with Europe
  • 1884: Berlin Conference and Scramble for Africa
  • 1905: Russian Revolution

Period Four (1914-2000)

  • 1914-1918: World War I
    • Causes: Imperialism, nationalism, militarism, alliances, assassination of archduke
    • Military advancements: tanks, poison gas, airplanes, machine guns, submarines, trench warfare
  • 1917: Bolshevik Revolution
    • Response to poverty, inequality, political repression
  • 1918: Treaty of Versailles Marks WWI End
    • Germany responsible, reparations, redrawing borders
    • League of Nations failed
  • 1929: Great Depression Begins (Stock Market Crash)
    • Causes: 1929 crash, bank failures, overproduction, protectionism
    • Impact in Europe: unemployment, political instability, rise of extremism
  • 1939-1945: World War II in Europe
    • Allies victory, Germany/Japan surrender
  • 1945: Establishment of United Nations
  • 1949: Formation of NATO
  • 1957: Launch of Sputnik
  • 1961: Construction of Berlin Wall
    • Symbolizing division of Europe, end of Cold War
  • 1989: Fall of Berlin Wall
  • 1991: Soviet Union Collapse
  • 1992: Creation of Maastricht Treaty and European Union
  • 1999: Introduction of the Euro
  • 2000: Vladimir Putin's Election as President of Russia

Unit 2: Protestant Reformation (1450-1649)

  • 1054: Split of Christian church
  • Roman Catholic Church dominated Western Europe
  • 1500s: Catholic Church in politics, wealth, corruption
    • Simony, nepotism, indulgences
  • Martin Luther: Augustinian monk
    • Salvation by grace alone through faith
    • Scriptures sole authority
    • 1517: 95 Theses, criticized church corruption
    • Printing press spread theses
    • Diet of Worms, excommunication
    • Prince Frederick II aided Luther
  • Other reformers: John Wycliffe, Jan Hus
  • Vernacular Bible
  • John Calvin: Switzerland
    • Predestination, the elect
    • Calvin’s Geneva: theocracy
    • Institutes of the Christian Religion - Reformation doctrines
    • Calvinism: Presbyterians, Huguenots, Puritans
  • Anabaptists: Adult baptism, separation of church/state, pacifists

France: Wars of Religion

  • 1500s: Protestantism gained a foothold
    • Huguenots - half French nobles converted
  • Charles IX, Catherine de Medici
    • Purge Huguenots power
  • Massacre of Vassy (1562)
  • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
  • War of the Three Henrys (1587)
    • Henry III, Henry of Navarre, Henry of Gese
    • Henry IV: Edict of Nantes (1598)

Holy Roman Empire: Thirty Years War

  • Peace of Augsburg (1555)
  • Individual rulers determine religion: lutheran or catholic
    • France unified, HRE hundred's of loosely confederate states, individual rulers
  • 1618: Calvinist leader Frederick I challenged Ferdinand II, shut down lutheran churches
  • Officials thrown out of window - sparked 30 years war
  • Defenestration of Prague
  • Phases of the war (Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French)
  • Peace of Westphalia (1648) End of European Religious Wars
    • Calvinism a legitimate choice, holy roman emperor weak, individual states strong
    • Church was forever divided

Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation)

  • Response to criticism, maintain power
  • Roman Inquisition
  • Index of Prohibited Books
  • Council of Trent (1545-1563)
  • Pope reformed practices, rejected Protestant reconciliation
    • Cleaned up corrupt practices, suppressed simony, forbade the sale of indulgences
    • Reaffirmed doctrines.
  • St. Teresa of Avila
    • Carmelite order
  • Jesuits (Ignatius of Loyola)
    • Spiritual renewal, missionary efforts

Religious / Social Hierarchies (1450-1648)

  • Class, religion, gender social status defined
  • Merchant class moving upward possibility
  • Expelling jews, you had to believe the correct stance
  • Gender patriarchy, male dominated, women expect submissive to their fathers
  • Women were excluded from political and economical life in Europe
  • Urban wealthy families had more freedom to order households
  • Urban and rural households nuclear family instead of an extended amily
  • Renaissance and reformation raised debates about patriarchal structures; women in society
    • Querelle des femmes = debate over whether women were fit to receive university educations
  • Women couldn’t be priests or hold any position of authority over a man, but could become nuns
  • Luther and calvin taught wife ought to be subservient to her husband and put herself on display model of obedience and charity
  • Anabaptists gave women positions of authority
  • People moving from country to city larger challenge to religion
  • People attending blood sports; saint’ day festivities celebrating saints that departed
  • Witchcraft craze, pact with the devil, women inferiority; holy roman where reformation began
  • Art styles: Mannerism, Baroque

Unit 3: Absolutism

  • Monarch consolidating power
  • Rise of absolutist states; merchant expansion, power shifting away landing mobility in to merchant
  • Louis XIV: "I am the state"
  • The Fronde: opposition rebellion nobles - cardinal mazorin
  • Monarch power is only going to increase in order to consolidate throne, Intendant system undermines authority. Louis sent agents into district to obey
  • Palace of Versailles undermines authority; threw parties and put himself before church
  • Introduced reforms that helped consolidate power under his throne
  • Peter the Great of Russia= absolutist ruler, westernzed
    • Forced reforms to modernize russia
  • Some power, share constitutionalism, government is limited by rule
  • English civil war(1642-1651) causes doctrine of divine right
  • 1660, restoration period with Charles II
  • English bill of rights with William and Mary in 1689, they signed bill
  • They created states general , british/ dutch stand Apart Absolutism.

Balance of Power During Westphalia:

  • Diminishing religion causes of war
  • Partition of poland, surround and Russian victory lead and need war military Expansion.
  • Battle of Vienna, Dutch wars, treat of Utrecht, military , ag revolution 0 british and low countrys move urban and ag output triple in farming
  • Innovations,crop notation, new farming, Columbia food expanded diet and health.

Economic Developments

  • British wool industry cottage industry put workers and wages factories increasing specialization labor system increase merchant.
  • Rise insurance industry specialty venture capital, European start dominated worldwide.
  • Slaves trade increase of Europe consumer and triangular trades and new worlds.

Advances In Science (Unit 4: Scientific Revolution):

  • Geocentric View: Earth in universe, Catholic view
  • Heliocentric: Copernicus’ Heliocentric. Conflict with Church because ideas contradict book
  • Galen balance humors, Peracelsus claim chemical,William Harvey Discovery
  • Francis Bacon: argue by, knowledge with empirical research in, Rene Descartes Champion deductive .
  • The Enlightment : Begian france due strong and Absolutist government, Voltaie criticize religion institutions .
  • Diderot sought collect book; New Way thing god Diderot not believed in god, Hume can't interpret God .religion private concern, new movement .
  • John Locke human gave government , Rosseau social contracts, Wolstonecraft gender ,Adam Smith Attack free make Laws.
  • Printing press, Salon.absulotist First benefited and reform some power .Catherine reformed laws and religious tolerant general.

Unit 5: Population Explosion

  • Previously population growth had been slow and unsteady between 1700 and 1835 the European population doubled
  • The Bubonic Plague had stopped spreading new sewer systems and water supplies
  • vaccine for Small Pox vaccine
  • The Cotton Industry was used in rural areas economic Liberalism economic deregulation and attempts to end economic monopolies
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